Term
| Trace the flow of blood through the chambers and valves of the heart. |
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Definition
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve (R A-V valve)
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries to lungs where O2 is added
From the lungs back to the heart via the pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve (L A-V valve)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve to the aorta and rest of body |
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Term
| Name the 4 heart valves and note their locations |
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Definition
Tricuspid valve (R A-V valve) – between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve – between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Mitral valve (L A-V valve) – between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve – left ventricle and the aorta |
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Term
| What is the fibrous covering of the heart? What is its purpose? |
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Definition
| The pericardium – protects the heart and loosely attaches it to the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
• Produced by normal turbulent flow.
• Typically heard in puppies, kittens, thin-chested dogs, and with tachycardia.
• No problems associated with these when they are indeed innocent murmurs. |
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Term
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Definition
• Produced by increased velocity of blood within the system and by extra-cardiac factors.
• Causes may include tachycardia, fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| • Produced by various disorders including congenital defects, acquired valvular disease, DCM, HCM, PDA, Stenosis, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Systole is the period when the heart is contracting and driving blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
This is the source of the first heart sound (lub).
• Systole = Contraction = Lub |
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Term
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Definition
Diastole is the period when the heart is relaxing. This is the source of the second heart sound (dub).
• Diastole = Relaxation = Dub |
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Term
| The cardiac cycle consists of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the PMI which stands for Point of Maximal Intensity, which is usually the location on the thoracic wall where the valve sounds may be heard the loudest. Keep in mind that the PMI may not correspond to the exact location of the heart valve.
While this may be quite useful in larger animals, in small dogs and cats, you may only be able to say that the murmur is loudest on the left or the right side. |
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Term
| Common Rule Outs for Pathologic Heart Murmurs of puppies/kittens/Young Animals |
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Definition
Congenital Disorders
• Pulmonic Stenosis
• Aortic Stenosis
• Subaortic Stenosis
• Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects
• Patent Ductus Arteriosis
• Tetrology of Fallot |
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Term
Common Rule Outs for Pathologic Heart Murmurs - Adult
Giant and large-
breed dogs |
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Definition
Cardiomyopathy (Dilated) = DCM
Valvular Disease
• Mitral Valve Insufficiency
• Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency
• Bacterial Endocarditis |
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Term
| Common Rule Outs for Pathologic Heart Murmurs - Adult Sm Breed Dogs |
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Definition
Valvular Disease
• Mitral Valve Insufficiency
• Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency
• Bacterial Endocarditis |
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Term
| Common Rule Outs for Pathologic Heart Murmurs - Cats |
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Definition
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy = HCM
Hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| Define innocent murmurs and what animals these are often seen in |
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Definition
• Produced by normal turbulent flow.
• Typically heard in puppies, kittens, thin-chested dogs, and with tachycardia.
• No problems associated with these when they are indeed innocent murmurs |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of functional murmurs? |
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Definition
• Produced by increased velocity of blood within the system and by extra-cardiac factors.
• Causes may include tachycardia, fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| If you hear a loud heart murmur, does this mean that the heart disease is severe? |
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Definition
| You cannot determine the severity of the disorder based on the volume of the sound! |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of right-sided CHF? |
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Definition
Blood return from the body to the right ventricle is impeded resulting in congestion in the systemic circulation
- ascites (excessive fluid in abdomen seen as abdominal distension)
- pleural effusion (fluid in the space surrounding the lungs) which can cause resp distress, exercise intolerance, increased resp rate, open mouth breathing, coughing
- peripheral edema (SQ fluid accumulation in dependent areas such as the ventral |
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Term
| Saddle Thromboemboli (Saddle Thrombus |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by “congestive” heart failure? |
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Definition
occurs
when high diastolic pressures in the
heart “back up” into the veins and
capillaries causing fluid to leak out of
these vessels (edema). |
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Term
| Define systole and describes what occurs. |
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Definition
- The part of the cardiac cycle associated w/ contraction of the ventricles and atria and ejection of blood into the arterial systems
- During systole, the heart muscle contracts and blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles and then from the ventricles to the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the cardiac cycle associated w/ relaxation of the atria/ventricles and the filling of the chambers with blood |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased vagal tone during inspiration causes HR to accelerate and conversely vagal tone increases during expiration and the HR decelerates |
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Term
| Ventricular Fibrillation – |
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Definition
| causes cardiac arrest and is often a terminal event. Cardiac output is essentially zero due to weak, uncoordinated ventricular contractions. The ECG shows completely irregular, chaotic deflections of varying amplitude, width and shape |
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