Term
| 25. Which bones are most commonly affected with OSA(osteosarcoma)? |
|
Definition
Proximal humerus
Distal radius
Distal femur
Proximal tibia |
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Term
| 1. What causes hip dysplasia (CHD)? |
|
Definition
When a dog has hip dysplasia, the ball and socket do not fit smoothly. The socket is flattened and the ball is not
held tightly in place, thus allowing for some slipping. This makes for an unstable joint and the body’s attempts to
stabilize the joint only end up yielding arthritis.
The primary cause of hip dysplasia is genetic but inheritance of this trait is not as simple as a dominance/recessive
relationship like we study in high school biology. Normal dogs can breed and yield dysplastic offspring as the
condition may skip generations. Until a test based on the actual DNA can be developed, the best we can do to
prevent this disease is to breed only dogs with normal hips (a challenge since often dogs are not apparently
dysplastic until they have already started a breeding career.)
Nutritional factors are also important in the development of hip dysplasia. For example, it has been popular to try
to nutritionally “push” a large breed puppy to grow faster or larger by providing extra protein, more calcium, or
even just extra food. Practices such as these have been disastrous, leading to bones and muscle growing at
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In a dog suffering hip dysplasia,
femoral head has moved away
from acetabulum
different rates and creating assorted joint diseases of which hip dysplasia is one. One study showed that when
puppies of hip dysplasia prone breeds were allowed to free feed, two thirds went on to develop hip dysplasia while
only one third developed hip dysplasia when the same diet was fed in meals. Another study showed German
Shepherds were nearly twice as likely to develop hip dysplasia if their adult weights were above average. Studies
such as these have led to the development of puppy foods designed for large breed puppies, where the optimal
nutritional plane is lower than for small breed puppies. |
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|
Term
| 2. What dog breeds are most commonly affected with CHD? |
|
Definition
| a common condition of large breed dogs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Exam, Ortaloni Sign (dog on back with hind leg perpendicular to body, as leg is moved away from perp, a dysplastic hip will generate a pop as the femoral head slips to the center of the acetabulum, can be felt by hand resting on hip), xrays |
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Term
| 3. List the clinical signs of hip dysplasia. |
|
Definition
Do not expect a dog with dysplasia (or any other chronically
painful condition for that matter) to cry or whine in pain. Instead
discomfort is shown with reduced activity, difficulty rising or
lying down or going up stairs. A characteristic swivel of the hips is seen from behind and classically stairs are
taken in a bunny hop fashion. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A debilitating degeneration of the ball-and-socket hip joint associated with joint laxity |
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Term
| Hip dysplasia common causes |
|
Definition
| Most common in large dogs, hip dysplasia can run in families of dogs, but it also can occur with no family history of the condition. Other factors include diet (unbalanced, excessive, or deficient), exercise (too much/too little), and traumatic injury. |
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Term
| Ruptured cruciate ligament(s) |
|
Definition
| A tear of one or both of the ligaments that stabilize the knee (stifle joint), causing a painful, debilitating degeneration of the hinged knee joint. |
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Term
| Ruptured cruciate ligament(s)common causes |
|
Definition
| Occurs when excessive stress is placed on the knee joint, such as when jumping into a car or pickup truck, pivoting at high speeds, or during ordinary activity in dogs with developmentally unstable knees. |
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Term
| Osteochondrosis dissecans, or OCD |
|
Definition
| The result of improper bone development just beneath the cartilage, causing a "hangnail" of cartilage to peel away from the bone and protrude into the joint causing secondary osteoarthritis |
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Term
| Osteochondrosis dissecans, or OCD, common causes |
|
Definition
| Most common in large breeds during rapid growth, OCD can run in families of dogs, but it also can occur in dogs with no family history of the condition. Other factors include diet (unbalanced, excessive, or deficient), exercise (too much/too little), and traumatic injury during growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A degenerative condition in one or more joints of the spinal column. |
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Term
| Spondylosis common causes |
|
Definition
| Results from repeated stress on the joints of the spine in active dogs. It also can occur in dogs that are developmentally predisposed because of unstable joint structure in the spine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Joint injury due to direct or indirect trauma, often repeated injuries which may not be individually apparent but have a cumulative effect |
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Term
| Traumatic Joint Injury common causes |
|
Definition
| Direct injury, inclusive of surgical procedures of the joint, fractures which extend into the joint, the repetitive injury of bone chips and fractures involving joint surfaces and the repetitive 'micro' injuries associated with overwork |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) of one or more joints worsened by old age with associated slower repair and growth processes of aging joint tissues. |
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Term
| Geriatric Arthritis common causes |
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Definition
| Can occur in joints that were harshly used in younger years. It also can be a feature of normal aging, affecting most or all of the joints in the body |
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Term
| 6. What can be done to reduce the incidence of CHD? |
|
Definition
Breed dogs with only normal hips
Feed large breed puppies food designed to help them grow slowly |
|
|
Term
| 7. What are the non-surgical treatments for hip dysplasia? |
|
Definition
Non-surgical treatment of hip dysplasia is essentially the same as non-surgical treatment for any other type of
arthritis. There are nutritional supplements to help repair cartilage, pain medications, and anti-inflammatory
medications. Physical therapy and massage are also important and helpful in non-surgical joint therapy |
|
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Term
| 1. What is the most common cause of rear-limb lameness in the dog? |
|
Definition
| rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. This injury allows degenerative changes to occur in the stifle (knee) joint, which must be limited before permanent cartilage and bony changes occur and result in irreversible arthritis. |
|
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Term
| 1. What is “drawer motion”? |
|
Definition
| Forward displacement of the tibia on the femur. The anterior cruciate ligament acts as a constraint against the tibia moving forward on the femur |
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Term
| 10. What is the function of the ACL? |
|
Definition
- two cruciate ligaments cross each other to maintain stability through the wide range of motion of the tibia on the femur allowed by the stifle (a hinge joint)
- ACL also prevents forward displacement of the tibia on the femur (anterior drawer motion) |
|
|
Term
| 12. What is a meniscus? What are the functions? |
|
Definition
- a disk of cartilage between the articulating ends of the bones in the joint
- aid in the lubrication of the joint
- act as shock absorbers |
|
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Term
| 13. List the clinical signs of ACL rupture. |
|
Definition
Animals with an acute rupture
- non weightbearing lameness
- joint effusion
- palpable pain in the stifle
- joint instability.
more chronic
- intermittent weightbearing lameness
- muscle atrophy
- thickening of the joint capsule with palpable bone spurs present
- joint instability with a frequent meniscal click associated with a torn medial meniscus |
|
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Term
| List the post-operative care of ACL rupture cases |
|
Definition
- critical to long term success
- most critical element – confinement to small area
- knee bandaged in stable walking configuration for 1 – 2 wks
- after that, bandage/sutures removed
- passive PT started at home, few min 3 – 4 x/day
- several wks post op – swimming therapy/short walks gradually increasing in length over 6 – 8 wks
- complete confinement when not PT is mandatory
- avoid slick floors, jumping, running, stair climbing, and all acrobatics until recovery complete |
|
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Term
| 15. List the treatment of ligament injuries. |
|
Definition
- sx stabilization recommended for all ACL ruptures
- extracapsular or intracapsular
- any damaged portion of the meniscus and all remnants of the ruptured ACL are removed or repaired
extracapsular
- alter the tissues outside the joint to tighten and stabilize the knee
- include heavy sutures placed outside of the joint (ie modified Flo imbrication technique)
- manipulation of ligaments adjacent to the joint to stabilize the knee (fibular head transposition)
intrascapular
- generally utilize a graft from an adjacent tissue in the knee to replace the ACL |
|
|
Term
| 18. What dog breeds are most affected by OCD? |
|
Definition
primarily a problem
in large or giant breed dogs.
It has been reported in small
dogs and cats, though it is
not very common. It affects
male dogs more frequently
than females, most likely
due to the males' larger size
and increased stress on the
joint. It generally occurs
when the animal is between
4 and 10 months of age,
though it can show up in
older dogs. There are
several breeds that despite being larger breeds have decreased incidences of the disease including the Doberman Pinscher,
Collie, and Siberian Husky |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary site of OCD occurrence? |
|
Definition
| OCD may affect the shoulder, elbow, knee or hock, although the shoulder is most commonly affected |
|
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Term
| 19. What are the clinical signs of OCD? |
|
Definition
The symptoms are
lameness in the affected limb. Some dogs have a barely noticeable limp and others are unable to bear any weight on the leg.
The lameness tends to worsen after periods of exercise and improves after rest. When it affects the shoulder, a shortened
forelimb stride may be noted due to reluctance to flex and extend the shoulder joint. Occasionally, the disease will affect both
limbs simultaneously and the dog may be reluctant to move. |
|
|
Term
| 20. What are the treatments for OCD? |
|
Definition
2 ways
conservative medical tx
- may be indicated for dogs that have early, mild symptoms of OCD or where a specific lesion cannot be identified on rads
- consists of strict rest for 4 – 8 wks
- leash walking ok but no running/playing
- anti-inflammatories and painkillers such as carprofen may be indicated
- use of glucosamine/chondroitin products have been suggested, yet there are no current studies that confirm their beneficial use in OCD
- may be difficult in young, active puppies who may still need to undergo sx, if the symptoms do not improve
sx removal of lesion
- indicated in animals that show severe symptoms
- where lg lesions are id’d on rads
- when conservative tx fail
- sx is very straightforward
- affected joint opened and offending flap, defect or joint mouse removed
- prog generally good when shoulder joint affected
- w/ other joints, DJD is more common
- when elbow is affected, the OCD may contribute to the development of other abnormalities in that joint |
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|
Term
| 1. What is rehabilitation ( = physiotherapy = physical therapy)? |
|
Definition
rehabilitation is the restoration of normal function after
injury or illness. |
|
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Term
| 1. When and what is PT used for? |
|
Definition
- After sx or injury to decrease pain
- Increase rate of healing
- Decrease chance of further injury
- Used for arthritis to decrease pain and increase strength to help the body compensate for the condition
- For neuromuscular pathologies, used to stimulate nerve fibers to increase nerve fxn as well as to increase musculature for a better response to decrease neurological input |
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|
Term
| 3. List some techniques used in veterinary PT. |
|
Definition
Pain relief
hydrotherapy, therapeutic
ultrasound, electrical current therapies (TENS,
neuromuscular stimulation, and micro-current), Pulsed
electro magnetic therapy, cryo and heat therapy, joint
mobilization, massage, and exercises
Theraputic u/s
Hydro-treadmill
Phonophoresis
Neuromuscular stimulation
Micro-current therapy
Magnets
Cryo and heat therapy
Joint mobilizations
Massage
Passive range of motion
Therapeutic exercises |
|
|
Term
| 4. Define PROM. What is it used for? |
|
Definition
Passive Range of Motion
Post surgically to prevent loss of range of motion |
|
|
Term
| 8. List the rules of PROM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5. What is massage useful for? |
|
Definition
Massage has been shown to be beneficial in
- Reducing stress,
- enhancing blood circulation,
- decreasing pain,
- improving sleep,
- reducing swelling,
- enhancing relaxation,
- increasing oxygen capacity in the blood.
- Pain induced by muscle knots, excessive tightening, and muscle spasms can often be reduced or eliminated by massage alone.
- Another benefit is reduction of adhesions caused by scar tissue which can cause restrictions in, and discomfort with, movement.
- Fourteen days after surgery, light skin friction perpendicular to the scar can be used. After 21 days, deeper friction work can be done. |
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Term
| Technique for applying cold therapy |
|
Definition
- Cold can be applied by various methods.
- The first is by filling a Dixie cup ¾ full and freezing it. After surgery, icing may be done over the surgical area for 10 minutes before or during recovery, depending on whether a bandage will be applied.
- The paper is unraveled and gauze is placed at the incision to prevent the water from contaminating the incision.
- Commercial cool packs are also easy to use and can be kept in the freezer. Frozen peas can also be used as hey are moldable and hold the cold fairly well.
- A mixture of alcohol and water in a Ziploc freezer bag at a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2 stays cold and malleable (double bagging is recommended). |
|
|
Term
| 7. When should you use cold therapy? |
|
Definition
- Cryotherapy or cold therapy, when applied to the
body, removes heat.
Some of the mechanisms include:
- vasoconstriction, which reduces post surgical bleeding
and bruising (when the cooling agent is removed there is
a rebound vasodilatation- red coloration may be seen in
the skin),
- slowed nerve conduction (thereby decreasing
pain sensation), and decreased enzyme activity
(decreasing inflammation). |
|
|
Term
| 6. When do you apply heat therapy? |
|
Definition
- Heat can be applied for 10-15 minutes to
- increase circulation to an area which is cool to the touch on exam (indicating decreased perfusion or chronic injury),
- warm up the tissue before exercising or stretching,
- relieving pain
- decreasing inflammation (when used with cryo-therapy). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the technique for applying heat therapy |
|
Definition
- The recommended method is moist heat.
- A hand towel or larger towel (depending on the size of the area to be heated) may be folded into thirds and either rolled (to be unrolled around a joint) or accordion folded (if it is to be placed over a flat surface), then held under warm to hot water. The wet towel is then applied to the area with a large thick dry towel placed over it in order to keep the heat in |
|
|
Term
| 9. What are the common conditions that rehab is used for? |
|
Definition
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hip dysplasia,
intervertebral disc disease, fibrocartilaginous emboli,
circulation deficiency, wound healing, neuropathy,
degenerative myelopathy, muscle contracture, wobblers
disease, discospondylosis, soft tissue injuries, joint
injuries, tendonitis and bursitis, Post surgical
(arthrodesis, anterior cruciate ligament tear, fracture
repair, amputation, hip surgeries, osteochondrosis
desicans, post-laminectomy), surgical complications,
(non weight bearing, loss of range of motion, decreased
neurological function). |
|
|
Term
| indications for alternating heat and cold ("contrast baths") include |
|
Definition
impaired venous circulation and indolent ulcers, and
traumatic or inflammatory conditions during the subacute or chronic phases. The mechanism of action of contrast baths is
production of alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation of local blood vessels. This reaction is considered to stimulate
blood flow to the treated area and thereby to help stimulate healing. |
|
|
Term
| 1. Why should the middle 2 toes of a bandaged limb be exposed if possible? |
|
Definition
| To be able to check for swelling |
|
|
Term
| 10. What is a very important item that you can send home with the owner to reduce the chance of the animal chewing off the bandage? |
|
Definition
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