Term
| What are the 2 microscope systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One eyepiece vs. two eyepieces |
|
|
Term
| What are the ocular and objective microscope systems? |
|
Definition
| Ocular is the magnification system of the eyepieces and objective is the magnification system in the objective lenses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ocular power X objective power |
|
|
Term
| The ocular system (or eyepieces) have a magnification of..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the objective system lens magnifications? |
|
Definition
| 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x (immersion oil) |
|
|
Term
| 10x (ocular lens) X 40x (objective lens) = |
|
Definition
| 400x (total magnification) |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic laboratory equipment? |
|
Definition
| Microscope, refractometer, microhematocrit centrifuge, table top centrifuge |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a microscope? |
|
Definition
.ocular lens system
.objective lens system
.optical tube length
.mechanical stage
.coarse and fine adjustment knobs
.substage condenser
.iris diaphragm
.light source (transformer, field diaphragm) |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the objective lenses? |
|
Definition
| Scanning (4x), low power (10x), high dry (40x), oil immersion (100x) |
|
|
Term
| Lenses should only be cleaned with..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oil should be removed how/with..? |
|
Definition
| Each time the objective is used, with lens paper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to separate substances of different densities that are in a solution. |
|
|
Term
| What instrument is used to measure specific gravity or total protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What liquid is used to calibrate a refractometer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactophenol Cotton Blue stain is used to identify..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two settings of a centrifuge are important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genus species of hookworms that infects both the dog and cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are hookworms transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion, penetration, transmammary migration |
|
|
Term
| What zoonotic implication is there with hookworm infestation? |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous Larval Migrants |
|
|
Term
| Where does the adult hookworm reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range PCV for dog and cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of centrifuge heads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of the horizontal centrifuge head? |
|
Definition
-heat build-up
-possible remixing of sediment and supernatant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The liquid portion of a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The solid component of a sample |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commmon cause for a falsely elevated PCV? |
|
Definition
| Not spun long enough (atleast 5 minutes) |
|
|
Term
| For maximum accuracy, specimens must be spun..? |
|
Definition
| For a specific time at a specific speed |
|
|
Term
| Any spills that happen in, on, or around a centrifuge should be..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microhematocrit Centrifuge |
|
Definition
| Used to separate blood cells of different densities from the plasma in which the cells are suspended |
|
|
Term
| For maximum accuracy (for PCV), a microhematocrit centrifuge should be set to spin for..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to measure fluid specific gravity or protein concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium into another medium with a different optical density |
|
|
Term
| Refractometers can be callibrated to 0 using what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein concentration is measured in..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of electronic cell counters? |
|
Definition
| Impedence counter, dark field illumination counters, laser counter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses electrical current to count cells as well as record size and volume through "impedence" of the electrical current |
|
|
Term
| Dark Field Illumination counter |
|
Definition
| Uses light to measure wavelength and refraction through cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| User laser beams to determine size and density of solid components |
|
|
Term
| The ability to obtain the same results with repeated testing of the same sample is reffered to as..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stain is used to identify fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stain is used to identify morphology, reticulocytes, and heinz bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts to a blood smear? |
|
Definition
| Feathered edge, monolayer, thick area |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors controlling the outcomes of quality control? |
|
Definition
1. Accuracy
2. Precision
3. Reliability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How closely the results agree with the true quantitative value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a method to be accurate |
|
|
Term
| What are the three common errors of laboratory quality control? |
|
Definition
| Clerical, random, systemic |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common lab error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regard to reagents, what quality control issue has been discussed? |
|
Definition
| Never use expired reagents |
|
|
Term
| Applied quality control consists of..? |
|
Definition
| Instument maintenance, analysis of control serum for accuracy, recording of results in permamnent log |
|
|
Term
| Can stain be refilled without removing old stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stain is used to perform a reticulocyte count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stain is used to identify protozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of a Romanowsky stain? |
|
Definition
1. Fixative
2. Solution 1 (Eosin)
3. Solution 2 (Methylene) |
|
|
Term
| How long can an EDTA blood sample sit in a tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How soon should a blood smear be made after an EDTA collection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genus and species of the canine roundworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the zoonotic implication of roundworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What roundworm can infect both canine and feline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of analyzer counts cells by their size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New methylene blue stain can be used to perform what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Romanowsky stains are used for identification of..? |
|
Definition
| Morphology, reticulocytes, heinz bodies |
|
|
Term
| Sudan III stain is used to identify what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactophenol cotton blue is used for the identification of..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lugol's iodine is used to identify what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anticoagulant of choice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood should be drawn for a sample? |
|
Definition
| Enough to allow for errors or rechecks |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? |
|
Definition
| Serum does not contain fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| What color tube top can EDTA be found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purple top tubes contain which anticoagulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant is used for morphological studies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heparin can be found in which color top tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant can be found in green top tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If doing a morphological study, which color top tube/anticoagulant would be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If obtaining a plasma sample, which color top tube/anitcoagulant would be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium citrate can be found in which color top tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blue top tubes contain which anticoagulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant is used for platelet studies and clotting factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If doing a study on platelets or coagulation, which color top tube/anticoagulant would be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done when results come back abnormal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tube should be used when collecting for serum or plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant do red and tiger top tubes contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tubes do not contain an anticoagulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipemic samples contain..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A complete blood count (CBC) consists of what? |
|
Definition
PCV
Plasma protein concentration
Total WBC
Blood film examination (differential, morphology, platelet estimation) |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a PCV? |
|
Definition
Plasma
Buffy coat
Packed RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What does the buffy coat of a PCV contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information can a PCV provide? |
|
Definition
RBC estimate
Hb estimate
Total protein
WBC estimate
Platelet estimate |
|
|
Term
| Yellow plasma is noted as..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Icteric samples indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes a sample icteric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is biliruben found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red plasma in a PCV indicates..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milky plasma of a PCV indicates what? |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (fat in the blood) |
|
|
Term
| Normal plasma color should be..? |
|
Definition
| Colorless to straw colored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percent of RBCs in whole blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal WBC count for a feline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anticoagulant would you use if you want to look at the morphology of RBCs and WBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taking a blood sample postprandial would result in the sample being..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of Leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes are polymorphonuclear? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes are mononuclear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any cell with distinct cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC group that has no visible cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC group that has no visible cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of WBCs? |
|
Definition
| To defend against foreign substances |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of neutrophils for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the granulocyte maturation sequence? |
|
Definition
Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band
Segmented (mature Neutro, Eo, or Baso) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condensed chromatin in older cell |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for a neutrophil to be produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do neutrophils remain in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for band neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromatin appendage of the nuclei of some neutrophils in females |
|
|
Term
| What shape are the granules of the cat eos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils react during what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules of basophils contain what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of the lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T lymphocytes are processed where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70% of lymphocytes are produced where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do B lymphocytes come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30% of lymphocytes are produced where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal lymphocyte range for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal lymphocyte range for a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes cytoplasm is described as..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NRBCs are included durring..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the granulocytes seen in the peripheral blood |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| At what stage in the maturation process can granulocytes be differentiated from eachother? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 5 general criteria used to differentiate the granulocytic maturation series. |
|
Definition
Size of cell
Nucleus (size and shape)
Cytoplasm (color and amount)
Chromatin (pattern)
Pressence of granules |
|
|
Term
| WBC and platelets are found in what part of the PCV? What estimate can be obtained using this? |
|
Definition
| Buffy coat, WBC estimate and platelet estimate |
|
|
Term
| What is the prepatent period for hookworms? |
|
Definition
| 14-21d, 12-14 transmammary |
|
|
Term
| Waht phylum does the whipworm belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genus and species of the common tapeworm found in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what phylum does Dipylidium caninum belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body can whipworms be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of granulocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell that has a polymorphonuclear nucleus has a nucleus that is..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cell type is this?:
Cytoplasm is abundant, gray to bluegray in appearance
It commonly presents with vacuoles that vary in size
Pleomorphic nucleus
Chromatic is characteristically streaky or diffuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell type functions to establish immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell is the most common WBC seen in the peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference range for the canine and feline WBC count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F, an immature cell will have a larger and rounder nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cat eosinophil granules are _____ shaped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules of the Basophil contain __________ which helps initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding the lifespan of the lymphocyte, how does it differ from the other WBCs? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes stay in the blood for years rather than hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in normal range of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in immature neutrophilic granulocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in older cells (hypersegmentation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| To protect the animal from anything that could cause disease or damage the animal |
|
|
Term
| Foreign invaders are known as..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the immune response to antigens goes beyond just protection and result in massive tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main functions of the blood? |
|
Definition
Transport
Regulatory
Defense |
|
|
Term
| What is blood classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid in which cells and cell fragments are suspended |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the RBC? |
|
Definition
| To carry oxygen to all the tissues of the body |
|
|
Term
| What do RBCs produce which attach to oxygen and allow transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main organ involved in the storage of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of the RBC for dog and cat? |
|
Definition
dog: about 110 days
cat: about 68 days |
|
|
Term
| What is the maturation series for the RBC? |
|
Definition
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Polychromatophil
Erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of RBC distribution? |
|
Definition
Single
Rouleaux
Agglutination
Anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for MCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for MCH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for MCHV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not complete cell but pieces of cytoplasm that have been isolated and released from the megakaryocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is the platelet maturation sequence? |
|
Definition
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Thrombocyte (platelet) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four functions of platelets? |
|
Definition
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Prevention of hemorrhage (primary hemostasis) by forming platelet plugs
Facilitation of secondary hemostasis (coagulation)
Promotion, clot retraction |
|
|
Term
| Platelets have a lifespan of..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for platelets in the canine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for platelets in the feline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases platelet numbers in felines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are felines prone to when in come to their platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant is used to assess platelet function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many platelets should be seen /OIF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small hemorrhages in the mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can RBCs not carry O2? |
|
Definition
| They do not contain enough hb (hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
| What gives the RBc its red color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Round
Bi-concave shape
Water (65%)
Solids (35%, proteins [95% of proteins hemoglobin]) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBCs with uneven, rounded projections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microcytic, condensed, no biconcave |
|
|
Term
| What do spherocytes indicate in canines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blister cell (Keratocyte) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleated Red Blood Cell (NRBC) |
|
|
Term
| What causes basophilic stippling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the four distinct functions of platelets depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where on a slide should you look for adequate numbers of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Splenectomy may decrease numbers of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are acquired disorders of platelets? |
|
Definition
Rickettsial organism (Anaplasma platys)
Chronic renal disease
Liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Which dog breeds normally have low platelet numbers? |
|
Definition
Greyhound
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel |
|
|
Term
| Blood coagulation is considered..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hemostasis pathway? |
|
Definition
Rupture
Platelet plug
Fibrin mesh
Clot solidifying
Repair |
|
|
Term
| What are the two systems of plasma coagulation factors? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic system
Extrinsic system |
|
|
Term
| The extrinsic system is also know as the ________ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extgrinsic system contains which factors? |
|
Definition
| Factors I, II, III, IV, V, VII |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the extrinsic factors? |
|
Definition
Factor I - fibrinogen
Factor II - prothrombin
Factor III - thromboplastin
Factor IV - (only non protein factor) calcium
Factor V - proaccelerin
Factor VII - antihemolitic factor |
|
|
Term
| Where is factor III found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the extrinsic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the intrinsic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the factors of the intrinsic system? |
|
Definition
| Factors VIII, IX, X, XI, XII |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the intrinsic factors? |
|
Definition
Factor VIII - Christmas factor plasma thromboplastin
Factor IX - Smart power factor
Factor X - plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Factor XI -
Factor XII - |
|
|
Term
| Normal coagulation requires which vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K serves as a cofactor for which coagulation factors? |
|
Definition
| Factors II, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
| Coagulation test that can be done in-house? |
|
Definition
| Activated clotting time (ACT) |
|
|
Term
| Test used on animals suspect to have inadequate platelet numbers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tests are used to determine functionality of the intrinsic clotting system? |
|
Definition
Activated clotting time (ACT)
Bleeding time (BMBT) |
|
|
Term
| Test used to determine extrinsic clotting mechanism? |
|
Definition
| One stage prothrombin time (OSPT) |
|
|
Term
| Normal time range for extrinsic clotting mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelet clumps are most often seen in what area of the slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for a fragmented cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal RBC seen in canines in hemolytic anemias - microcytic, darkly staining.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of below normal RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and/or PCV. Also, a reduction of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, anemia is not normally the primary disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two classifications of anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which classification of anemia is the most common form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is regerative anemia? |
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Definition
| Evidence of increased RBC production in the peripheral blood and bone marrow |
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|
Term
| How long before signs of regeneration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone marrow cannot respond adequately to the anemia |
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Term
| What does nonregerative anemia suggest? |
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Definition
| The primary cause of anemia has a pathologic or suppressant effect on the bone marrow |
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Term
| What are the two types of feline reticulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which stain is used to perform a reticulocyte count? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does blood and NMB stain need to incubate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many reticulocytes are counted during a retic count? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three flotation solutions? |
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Definition
Sodium Nitrate
Sheather's Sugar Solution
Zinc Sulfate |
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Term
| What are the you looking for when performing a gross examination of a fecal sample? |
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Definition
Consistency
Color
Blood
Mucus
Parasites |
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|
Term
| Specific gravity of most parasite eggs.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Specific gravity of most solution is between.. |
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Definition
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