Term
| What are the 3 primary uses of fluid therapy? |
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Definition
| 1. correct fluid deficits 2. correct electrolyte disturbances 3. correct acid/base imbalances |
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Term
| Total body water=__ intracellular fluid + __ extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| 2/3 intracellular + 1/3 extracellular |
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Term
| What are the 3 major electrolytes of extra cellular fluid? Which is most abundant? |
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Definition
| 1. sodium 2. chloride 3. bicarbonate; sodium is most abundant |
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Term
| Low sodium levels; creates an influx of water into cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium excess; result of dehydration; causes water to flow out of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs balance sodium intake and excreation to control extracellular fluid levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 major electrolytes of intracellular fluid? Which is the dominant intracellular ion? |
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Definition
| 1. Potassium 2. Magnesium 3. Phosphorus; Potassium is the dominant ion |
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Term
| Small changes in serum potassium can alter ____ and ______ functions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low serum potassium, ________, indicates ______ loss of total body potassium |
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Definition
| hypokalemia; considerable |
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Term
| High serum potassium, _______, often occurs where ____ ______ is impaired. |
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia; renal excretion |
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Term
| pH expresses ______ ion concentration in body fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low pH (1-6.9)/high hydrogen ion concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| high pH(7.1-14)/low hydrogen ion concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 things in the body help control acid/base balance? |
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Definition
| 1.kidneys 2. lungs 3. blood buffers |
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Term
| Name 6 things a PE assessment should include. |
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Definition
| MM color, CRT, heart rate, pulse rate, pulse strength, pulse character, pulse defiit, abnormal lung sounds, skin turgor, body weight, urine output, body temperature, PCV, total plasma protein, chemistry profiles, urine specific gravity |
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Term
| What are two types of fluid choices? What is an example of each? |
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Definition
| 1. Crystalloids-Lactated Ringers solution(LRS), 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl), and Normosol-R 2. Artificial Colloids-Hydroxyethyl starches(Hetastarch), Dextrans, and Gelatins |
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Term
| Normal pH of arterial blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal pH of venous blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid that contain small molecules that can pass through semi-permeable membrains and enter all body compartments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluids are cateorized as _____ or _____ depending on electrolyte composition as compared to plasma. |
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Definition
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Term
| passes readily through vessel walls; 25% of fluid remains in vasculature ; 75% is redistributed to the interstitium (ex. 0.9% NaCl) |
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Definition
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Term
| 0.45% NaCl with 2.5% dextrose is a ______ solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7% NaCl is a _____ solution used to rapidly re-expand the vascular volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| A fluid that contains large molecules that don't readily passed through semi-permeable membranes so distribution is primarily intravascular. |
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Definition
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Term
| Colloids have a potential to cause or aggravate ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two most common indications for fluid therapy are ______ and ________. |
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Definition
| dehydration and hypovolemia |
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Term
| Loss of total body water with preservation of vascular volume |
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Definition
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Term
| Should dehydration be corrected slowly or quickly? |
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Definition
| Slowly so you don't over expand the vascular space |
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Term
| Vascular volume is not large enough to preserve cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| Should hypovolemia be correted slowly or quickly? |
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Definition
| Quickly, rapid re-expansion of vascular volume is required |
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Term
| Is 5% dehydration clinically detectable? |
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Definition
| Yes <5%=not clinically detectable; 5-6%=subtle loss of skin elasticity; 6-8%=obvious skin turgor delay, slight increase in CRT, eyes may be sunken, may have dry MM; 10-12%=skin remains tented, prolonged CRT, eyes sunken, dry MM, signs of shock; 12-15%=obvious signs of shock, death iminent |
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Term
| With a hemorrhage you administer 2-3 times the amount of _____ as the volume lost, if substantial blood loss continues use _______. |
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Definition
| Crystylloid solution,colloid solution |
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Term
| Blood transfusion need is based on assessment of ____ ___ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Condition in which systemic blood pressure is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sensible water loss? What is insensible water loss? |
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Definition
| sensible=water lost through urine and feces; Insensible=water lost through the respiratory tract |
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Term
| Normal fluid losses are ___ - ___ ml/kg/day |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensible losses + insensible losses= _____ ______ ________ |
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Definition
| Maintenance fluid requirement |
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Term
| Aggressive fluid therapy acheived through placing an IV catheter, patient must be monitored for over hydration |
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Definition
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Term
| IV medication doses are often ____ than those administered by different routes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are considered in determining a fluid therapy route? |
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Definition
| volume and rate of loss, fluid selected, volume and rate of administration, patient status, cause and severity of condition, and also medical, practical, and economic considerations |
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Term
| What routes are available for fluid therapy? |
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Definition
| Oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, and inraosseous |
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Term
| Fluid therapy route that can be used if GI tract is functional, only maintenance levels are required, and no severe deficit exists |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid therapy route that can be used to deliver 50-150ml of isotonic fluids only at one site; it shouldn't be used for hypothermic patients or when large replacement volumes are needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Preferred fluid therapy route for critically ill, severely dehydrated, or hypovolemic patients; it has the most rapid effect on blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid route used for fluid delivery in young and very small animals, absorption rate equivalent to IV route |
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Definition
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Term
| CVP reflects the heart's ability to accommodate fluid administration. What is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Critically ill, in shock, severly dehydrated, or poorly perfused patients may need ___-____ml/kg/hr infusion rates. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most fluid deficits are replaced over a __-__hr period. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid deficite(ml)=% of dehydration x ____ _____(__) x 10 |
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Definition
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Term
| Relacement + Maintenance + ongoing loss=____ ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| How long should a patient be off food before total parental nutrition is considered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some complications of total parental nutrition? |
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Definition
| septic and mechanical problems with catheter, metabolic disturbances, and expense |
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Term
| Total parental nutrition's primary ingredients are_____, _____, and ____. |
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Definition
| dextrose, amino acids, and lipids |
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Term
| Whole blood is considered fresh for up to __ hours it provides RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma proteins, and coaggulation factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Whole blood can be processed into what 5 component therapies that reduce transfusion reactions, time of transfusion, and provide therapy for specific disorders? |
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Definition
| RBCs, platelets, plasma, oxyglobin solution, and cryoprecipitate |
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Term
| Whole blood is considered stored after __ hours it provides RBCs and plasma proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Packed RBCs are the component of choice for _____ _____ ____ in patients who require oxygen carrying support. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ ____ is harvested from fresh whole blood has not been cooled below 20-24C; it is used to stop bleeding |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between fresh frozen plasma, liquid plasma, and frozen plasma? |
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Definition
| Fresh Frozen plasma is collected frm a unit of whole blood and frozen at -20C or below within 8 hours of collection. It still retains its coagulation factors. After 12 months it is considered frozen plasma and can be stored for up to 5 years at -20C or less. It does not contain coagulation factors V and VII. Liquid plasma (not frozen) can be stored for up to 5 days after the expiration of the whole blood it was harvested from. It also does not have coagulation factors V and VII. |
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Term
| This blood component therapy provides vn Willibrand factor (VIII), fibrinogen, and fibronectin; it has a shelf life of 1 year and is harvested by centrifuging partially thawed fresh frozen plasma and collecting the white foamy precipitate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sterile solution of polymerized bovine hemoglobin in modified LRS that increases the plasma hemoglobin concentration. |
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Definition
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