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VET SCI II
VX AND IMMUNOLOGY
106
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
08/11/2020

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Term
Vaccine
Definition
product developed to stimulate immunity against a disease
Term
Vaccination
Definition
injection of a vaccine to induce immunity against a specific disease
Term
Immunizations
Definition
creating immunity by introducing a killed/modified infectious agent which allows the body to create antibodies
Term
Modern Vaccines
Definition
Edward Jenner 1796, vaccinated people against smallpox by scratching them with cow pox
Term
Why Vaccinate?
Definition
protect individuals
protect populations (herd immunity)
protect against transmission of zoonotic disease
health benefits for pets, decrease burden of disease
Term
Types of Vaccines
Definition
Modified Live
Killed
Polyvalent
Subunit
Heterologous
DNA-based
Term
Modified Live Vaccine
Definition
Contains a live organism, modified so it is unable to cause the disease in the body
Term
Advantages of MLV
Definition
More rapid protection
produces stronger cell-mediated immunity
longer-lasting immunity
no adjuvant required
less expensive to produce
Term
Disadvantages of MLV
Definition
Potentially reverts to former virulence, may cause disease in immunocompromised animals
Potential abortion or fetal abnormalities
Must handle carefully to maintain viability
Term
Killed Vaccine
Definition
Organisms have been killed or inactivated by chemical or physical agents
cannot replicate
used in conjunction with adjuvant
E.g. - Rabies Vaccine
Term
Adjuvant
Definition
Substance that is added to a killed vaccine to stimulate an inflammatory immune response
Increases response to antigen by stimulating the immune system, combined with a killed vaccine they stimulate a protective immune response
Term
Advantages of a Killed Vaccine
Definition
No possibility of reversion to virulence
Won't cause abortion
Remains stable longer in storage and when handled
Term
Disadvantages of a Killed Vaccine
Definition
Requires adjuvant for max immune response
Greater chance of hypersensitivity reactions due to the addition of adjuvant
Not as immunogenic as MLV
require more frequent revaccination
Term
Bacterin
Definition
Killed vaccine made up of bacteria
E.g. - Leptospirosis
Term
Polyvalent Vaccine
Definition
Killed vaccine that contains 2 or more antigens from related organisms
ex - pastuerella multocida A and D
Term
Subunit Vaccine
Definition
vaccine that is made up of parts of the virus, allows for a less reactive vaccine
e.g. - FeLV
Term
DNA-based
Definition
type of subunit vaccine
Gene or DNA that produces immunoprotective proteins on the pathogen are removed and inserted into an avirulent vector
These vaccines are genetically engineered to provide a safer alternative to MLV, there is no chance that they will revert to a virulent form
e.g. - west nile equine vaccine
Term
Heterologous Vaccine
Definition
Vaccine in which one pathogen is introduced to provide protection against another
Causes cross-protection or non-specific antibodies to a certain disease
e.g. - measles (canine distemper)
cow pox (small pox)
Term
Canine Vaccine Schedule - DH(A2)LPP +/-CV
Definition
Distemper
Hepatitis (Adenovirus 2)
Leptospirosis
Parainfluenza
Parvovirus
Some combos may have coronavirus
Term
Canine Core Vaccines
Definition
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Adenovirus
Rabies
Term
Canine Non-core or Lifestyle Vaccines
Definition
Canine Influenza
Bordetella
Leptospira
Parainfluenza
Coronavirus
Bordetella burgdorferi (Lyme)
Term
Vaccine Schedule
Definition
Term
Vaccination Schedule
Definition
1st dose - 6-8 weeks
2nd dose - 10-12 weeks
3rd dose - >16 weeks
Adults - 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart, then 1 year, then every three years
Term
Rabies Vaccine
Definition
Puppies - 16 weeks or older
Adults - every 1-3 years depending on ordinance or type of vaccine used
Term
Kennel Cough
Definition
Organism - bordetella bronchiseptica
Also in vaccine - parainfluenza, adenovirus II, injectable or intranasal options
Term
Injectable Bordetella Vaccine
Definition
Puppies - 1st given at 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age
Adults - two doses 2-4 weeks apart then annually
Will have protective antibodies in 3 weeks after booster
Term
Intranasal Bordetella Vaccine
Definition
Puppies - 1st given at 10-12 weeks, then give every 6 months
Adults - single dose recommended, then every 6 months
Will have protection within 48-72 hours with shorter duration of immunity
Term
Canine Influenza Vaccine
Definition
Nobivac Canine Flu (H3N8)
Originated as a horse virus, first seen in greyhounds
killed virus vaccine
lifestyle vaccine
1st dose - six weeks or older
booster - two weeks then annual
Term
FVRCCP
Definition
FVR - Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
C - Calcivirus
P - Panleukopenia
Some contain extra C for chlamydia
Term
FVRCCP Schedule
Definition
1st dose - 6-8weeks
2nd dose - 10-12 weeks
3rd dose - >16 weeks
Adults - 2 boosters, 3-4 weeks apart, then one year, then every three years
Term
Feline Core Vaccines
Definition
Feline Herpesvirus
Feline Calicivirus
Feline Panleukopenia Virus
Rabies Virus
Term
Feline Non-Core Vaccines (Lifestyle)
Definition
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Chlamydia
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Term
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Definition
Kittens - vaccinate at 10-12 weeks, boost at 16 weeks
Adults - boost after 2-4 weeks
Revaccinate both annually
Term
Vaccination Principles
Definition
Do not vaccinate critically ill patients
Puppies and Kittens - first vaccine should be given after maternal antibodies decrease
Prevent vaccine interference by waiting 2-4 weeks to boost
Do not give pregnant animals MLV
Term
Causes of Vaccine Interference
Definition
Maternal Interference
Stress
Age
Nutritional Deficiency
Uncoventional routes of admin
Term
Causes of Vaccine Failure
Definition
Same as interference plus
Immunosuppression
Inappropriate storage
Concurrent disease
Vaccine schedule interference
Term
Normal Responses to Vaccination
Definition
Mild Fever (under 103) - 24 hr duration
Less active - 24hr duration
Reduced appetite - 24 hr duration
Soreness and mild swelling at injection site (2-3 days)
Term
Adverse Events (Extremely rare Reactions)
Definition
Repeated Vomiting or Diarrhea
whole body itching/hives
swelling of face and or legs
dyspnea
collapse
pale or cyanotic MM
Need medical attention immediately
Term
Injection Site Associated Sacromas
Definition
Cats are predisposed to develop tumors
Associated with the use of adjuvants
May be benign or malignant
Typically admin vaccines in lower extremities for cats (legs) in general
Owners should contact vet if swelling at injection site persists longer than 3 weeks
Term
1-2-3 Recomendation
Definition
advise client to return for biopsy/removal of post-vaccinal mass
1. if mass is still growing after 1 mo
2. if mass is greater than 2 cm in diameter
3. if mass persists for longer than 3 months
Term
Admin of Vaccines Canines
Definition
Rabies - SQ (right hind)
Distemper combo - SQ (right front)
Leptospirosis - SQ (left hind)
Bordetella - intranasal or oral
Bordetella injectable - SQ (left front)
Term
Admin of Vaccines Feline
Definition
Rabies - SQ (right hind)
FVRCCP combo - SQ (right front)
Feline Leukemia - SQ (left hind)
Term
Immunity
Definition
what protects animals from anything that can cause disease
Term
Pathogen
Definition
a disease-producing organism
Term
Resistance
Definition
ability to ward off disease by bodies defense
Term
Susceptibility
Definition
vulnerability or lack of resistance
Term
Pus
Definition
collection of dead cells and fluid
Term
Abscess
Definition
accumulation of pus in a confined space
Term
Ulcer
Definition
open inflamed tissue of the surface of an organ
Term
Immune System Components
Definition
Physical barriers
Nonspecific Immunity (Innate Immunity)
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
Term
Physical Barriers (First Line of Defense)
Definition
Generalized protection, does not intiate a specific response against a specific antigen
Term
Mechanical Physical Barriers
Definition
Skin, MM
Lacrimal apparatus
Cilia
Flow of urine, defecation, vomiting
Term
Chemical Physical Barriers
Definition
Sebum - antibacterial properties
Perspiration
Gastric fluid (pH 1-2)
Vaginal secretions
Term
Symptoms of Inflammation
Definition
Pain, edema, erythema, heat, +/- loss of function
Term
Basic Stages of Inflammatory Response
Definition
1. Vasodilation
2. Phagocytic migration
3. Tissue repair
Term
Fever
Definition
abnormally high temperature
occurs during infection and inflammation
inhibits growth of pathogens
speeds up repair of tissues by increasing metabolic rate
intensifies effects of interferon
Term
Interferon
Definition
Protein produced by cell to inhibit the development/spread of the virus
Term
Antimicrobial Proteins
Definition
proteins produced by the body to inhibit growth and replication of antigen
Term
Transferrin
Definition
protein that attaches to iron and transports into marrow so bacteria can't utilize for survival
Term
Complement
Definition
inactive protein stored in plasma becomes active during infection, attaches to antigen and destroys it
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages
Term
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Chemotaxis)
Definition
movement of WBC to area of inflammation
Term
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Adherence)
Definition
WBC attaches to microbe
Term
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Ingestion)
Definition
microbe ingested into vesicle called a phagosome
Term
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Digestion)
Definition
lysosome utilized to break down microbe
Term
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Killing)
Definition
production of enzymes or chemicals to kill microbe
Term
Natural Killer Cells (NKC's)
Definition
Lypmhocytes that have the ability to kill infected tissue cells and tumor cells
Found in blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
Come into direct contact with cell and destroy them through cell lysis
Term
Adaptive Immunity (Specific Immunity)
Definition
Ability of the body to target and destroy specific antigens
Lymphocytes involved in specific immunity
Term
Properties of specific immunity
Definition
1. able to specify for particular antigens
2. has memory of previously encountered antigens and produces a rapid and vigorous response during second encounter
Term
Antigen
Definition
a foreign protein
can be - microbes (virus, bacteria) or non-microbials (pollen, food, incompatible blood)
Term
Antibody
Definition
Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to foreign antigen
Term
Immunogenicity
Definition
Ability to provoke an immune response in an animal
Term
Reactivity
Definition
Ability of an antigen to produce a specific reaction
Term
Lymphocytes (T-Cells)
Definition
Cell mediated immunity
directly attack antigen
Term
Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
Definition
humoral immunity
Transforms into plasma cell which secretes antibodies
Term
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Definition
involve t-cells which have specific antigen receptors on cell membranes
antigen is ingested by macrophage and presented on cell membrane
T-cell attaches to antigenic site and becomes a sensitized t-cell
it then clones itself into an army of cytotoxic cells who in turn attack antigen
Term
Sensitized T-Cells (Cytotoxic)
Definition
Killer t-cells
attach to antigenic cells and destroy them directly
Term
Sensitized T-Cells (Helper T-cells)
Definition
Most numerous T-cell
enhances activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, B-lympohcytes, and NKC's
Term
Sensitized T-Cells (Suppressor T-cells)
Definition
inhibit t-cell function by negative feedback
controls immune response
Term
Sensitized T-Cells (Memory T-cells)
Definition
survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
quicker response time and greater response than initial immune response
Term
Humoral Immunity
Definition
Involves B-cells - action takes place in plasma
Also known as antibody-mediated immunity
B-cells transform into plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins called antibodies in response to antigen
Antigen and antibody fit together to form an antigen-antibody complex which activates b-cells to clone themseleves
Term
How do antibodies work?
Definition
1. neutralize the antigen
2. prevent attachement of the pathogen to cell
3. immobilization of bacteria
4. agglutination and precipitation of the antigen
5. Enhances phagocytosis by other phagocytic cells
Term
Immunoglobulins (IgG)
Definition
most common antibody found in the blood and extracellular fluid after prolonged exposure to antigen, combats bacterial and viral infections, can cross placental barrier to provide passive immunity to fetus
Term
Immunoglobulins (IgM)
Definition
first antibody made by newborns (in response to antigen), provides temporary protection
Term
Immunoglobulins (IgA)
Definition
Mucosal immunity, block attachement of antigen on mucosal surfaces
Term
Immunoglobulins (IgE)
Definition
Allergic response
Term
Immunoglobulins (IgD)
Definition
activiates cells to produce antimicrobial factors, hangs out on unexposed b-cells and acts as a receptor
Term
B Memory Cells
Definition
function the same as T memory cells
do not differentiate into plasma cells
survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
Creates a quicker, greater response to the antigen
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
immunity produced by the administration of pre-formed antibodies
causes immediate, but short lived immunity
Examples - Maternal (ingestion of colostrum)
Articfical - administration of plasma or antiserum
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
The body mounts an immune response to the presence of an antigen
Ex - recovery from natural infection
vaccination
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Definition
Allergic reactions
Allergen - antigen that induces an allergic reaction
Term
Four Types of Hypersensitivity
Definition
Type I - immediate hypersensitivity
Type II - Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type II - Immune complex
Type IV - delayed hypersensitivity
Term
Type I - Immediate hypersensitivity
Definition
Anaphylactic rxn - occurs within minutes of exposure to an antigen, histamine released
C/S - redness, swelling, hives, airway obstruction, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
Most common cause - vaccines
Tx - diphenhydramine, +/- epi, Dex SP
Term
Type II - Cytoxic Hypersensitivity
Definition
antibodies formed against the animals own blood or tissue cells
Ex - autoimmune reaction, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
Term
Type III - Immune Complex
Definition
Inflammatory reaction - antibodies and antigens combine to form complexes which become trapped in the endothelium
Ex - rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity
Definition
Inflammatory response happens over time (days)
ex - TB skin test, skin allergy testing
Term
Primary Lymphatic Organs
Definition
Red bone marrow, thymus
Term
Secondary Lymphatic Organs
Definition
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT)
Term
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Definition
removal of excess interstitial fluid
waste material transport
filtration
protein transport
transport of dietary lipids
protect against foreign invasion
Term
Lymph
Definition
fluid carried by the lymphatic system
contains - interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages, proteins, waste
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
Produces all WBC's
Term
Thymus
Definition
surrounding trachea and thoracic inlet
prominent in young animals and regresses at puberty
T-lymphocytes are processed here before distribution into peripheral tissues
kick starts normal immune development
Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
similar to veins (thin-walled, one-way valves)
collect excess interstitial fluid, send through lymph nodes, return to bloodstream, empties into the systemic circulation via the right atrium of the heart
Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
Small, kidney bean shaped structure along the length of lymphatic vessels
FUnction - filter blood and adds lymphocytes to lymph fluid
Term
Peripheral Lymph Nodes
Definition
Submandibular*
Prescapular*
Axillary
Inguinal
Popliteal*
* = can be palpated
Term
Spleen
Definition
Largest lymph organ in the body
Functions - storage of blood, removal of foreign material by macrophages, removal of dead/dying or abnormal RBC's by macrophages, lymphocyte cloning during immune response
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