Term
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Definition
| product developed to stimulate immunity against a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| injection of a vaccine to induce immunity against a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| creating immunity by introducing a killed/modified infectious agent which allows the body to create antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Edward Jenner 1796, vaccinated people against smallpox by scratching them with cow pox |
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Term
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Definition
protect individuals
protect populations (herd immunity)
protect against transmission of zoonotic disease
health benefits for pets, decrease burden of disease |
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Term
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Definition
Modified Live
Killed
Polyvalent
Subunit
Heterologous
DNA-based |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains a live organism, modified so it is unable to cause the disease in the body |
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Term
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Definition
More rapid protection
produces stronger cell-mediated immunity
longer-lasting immunity
no adjuvant required
less expensive to produce |
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Term
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Definition
Potentially reverts to former virulence, may cause disease in immunocompromised animals
Potential abortion or fetal abnormalities
Must handle carefully to maintain viability |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms have been killed or inactivated by chemical or physical agents
cannot replicate
used in conjunction with adjuvant
E.g. - Rabies Vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
Substance that is added to a killed vaccine to stimulate an inflammatory immune response
Increases response to antigen by stimulating the immune system, combined with a killed vaccine they stimulate a protective immune response |
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Term
| Advantages of a Killed Vaccine |
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Definition
No possibility of reversion to virulence
Won't cause abortion
Remains stable longer in storage and when handled |
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Term
| Disadvantages of a Killed Vaccine |
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Definition
Requires adjuvant for max immune response
Greater chance of hypersensitivity reactions due to the addition of adjuvant
Not as immunogenic as MLV
require more frequent revaccination |
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Term
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Definition
Killed vaccine made up of bacteria
E.g. - Leptospirosis |
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Term
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Definition
Killed vaccine that contains 2 or more antigens from related organisms
ex - pastuerella multocida A and D |
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Term
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Definition
vaccine that is made up of parts of the virus, allows for a less reactive vaccine
e.g. - FeLV |
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Term
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Definition
type of subunit vaccine
Gene or DNA that produces immunoprotective proteins on the pathogen are removed and inserted into an avirulent vector
These vaccines are genetically engineered to provide a safer alternative to MLV, there is no chance that they will revert to a virulent form
e.g. - west nile equine vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
Vaccine in which one pathogen is introduced to provide protection against another
Causes cross-protection or non-specific antibodies to a certain disease
e.g. - measles (canine distemper)
cow pox (small pox) |
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Term
| Canine Vaccine Schedule - DH(A2)LPP +/-CV |
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Definition
Distemper
Hepatitis (Adenovirus 2)
Leptospirosis
Parainfluenza
Parvovirus
Some combos may have coronavirus |
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Term
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Definition
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Adenovirus
Rabies |
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Term
| Canine Non-core or Lifestyle Vaccines |
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Definition
Canine Influenza
Bordetella
Leptospira
Parainfluenza
Coronavirus
Bordetella burgdorferi (Lyme) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1st dose - 6-8 weeks
2nd dose - 10-12 weeks
3rd dose - >16 weeks
Adults - 2 boosters 3-4 weeks apart, then 1 year, then every three years |
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Term
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Definition
Puppies - 16 weeks or older
Adults - every 1-3 years depending on ordinance or type of vaccine used |
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Term
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Definition
Organism - bordetella bronchiseptica
Also in vaccine - parainfluenza, adenovirus II, injectable or intranasal options |
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Term
| Injectable Bordetella Vaccine |
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Definition
Puppies - 1st given at 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age
Adults - two doses 2-4 weeks apart then annually
Will have protective antibodies in 3 weeks after booster |
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Term
| Intranasal Bordetella Vaccine |
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Definition
Puppies - 1st given at 10-12 weeks, then give every 6 months
Adults - single dose recommended, then every 6 months
Will have protection within 48-72 hours with shorter duration of immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Nobivac Canine Flu (H3N8)
Originated as a horse virus, first seen in greyhounds
killed virus vaccine
lifestyle vaccine
1st dose - six weeks or older
booster - two weeks then annual |
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Term
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Definition
FVR - Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
C - Calcivirus
P - Panleukopenia
Some contain extra C for chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
1st dose - 6-8weeks
2nd dose - 10-12 weeks
3rd dose - >16 weeks
Adults - 2 boosters, 3-4 weeks apart, then one year, then every three years |
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Term
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Definition
Feline Herpesvirus
Feline Calicivirus
Feline Panleukopenia Virus
Rabies Virus |
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Term
| Feline Non-Core Vaccines (Lifestyle) |
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Definition
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Chlamydia
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) |
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Term
| Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) |
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Definition
Kittens - vaccinate at 10-12 weeks, boost at 16 weeks
Adults - boost after 2-4 weeks
Revaccinate both annually |
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Term
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Definition
Do not vaccinate critically ill patients
Puppies and Kittens - first vaccine should be given after maternal antibodies decrease
Prevent vaccine interference by waiting 2-4 weeks to boost
Do not give pregnant animals MLV |
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Term
| Causes of Vaccine Interference |
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Definition
Maternal Interference
Stress
Age
Nutritional Deficiency
Uncoventional routes of admin |
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Term
| Causes of Vaccine Failure |
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Definition
Same as interference plus
Immunosuppression
Inappropriate storage
Concurrent disease
Vaccine schedule interference |
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Term
| Normal Responses to Vaccination |
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Definition
Mild Fever (under 103) - 24 hr duration
Less active - 24hr duration
Reduced appetite - 24 hr duration
Soreness and mild swelling at injection site (2-3 days) |
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Term
| Adverse Events (Extremely rare Reactions) |
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Definition
Repeated Vomiting or Diarrhea
whole body itching/hives
swelling of face and or legs
dyspnea
collapse
pale or cyanotic MM
Need medical attention immediately |
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Term
| Injection Site Associated Sacromas |
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Definition
Cats are predisposed to develop tumors
Associated with the use of adjuvants
May be benign or malignant
Typically admin vaccines in lower extremities for cats (legs) in general
Owners should contact vet if swelling at injection site persists longer than 3 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
advise client to return for biopsy/removal of post-vaccinal mass
1. if mass is still growing after 1 mo
2. if mass is greater than 2 cm in diameter
3. if mass persists for longer than 3 months |
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Term
| Admin of Vaccines Canines |
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Definition
Rabies - SQ (right hind)
Distemper combo - SQ (right front)
Leptospirosis - SQ (left hind)
Bordetella - intranasal or oral
Bordetella injectable - SQ (left front) |
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Term
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Definition
Rabies - SQ (right hind)
FVRCCP combo - SQ (right front)
Feline Leukemia - SQ (left hind) |
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Term
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Definition
| what protects animals from anything that can cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease-producing organism |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to ward off disease by bodies defense |
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Term
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Definition
| vulnerability or lack of resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of dead cells and fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of pus in a confined space |
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Term
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Definition
| open inflamed tissue of the surface of an organ |
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Term
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Definition
Physical barriers
Nonspecific Immunity (Innate Immunity)
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity) |
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Term
| Physical Barriers (First Line of Defense) |
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Definition
| Generalized protection, does not intiate a specific response against a specific antigen |
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Term
| Mechanical Physical Barriers |
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Definition
Skin, MM
Lacrimal apparatus
Cilia
Flow of urine, defecation, vomiting |
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Term
| Chemical Physical Barriers |
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Definition
Sebum - antibacterial properties
Perspiration
Gastric fluid (pH 1-2)
Vaginal secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain, edema, erythema, heat, +/- loss of function |
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Term
| Basic Stages of Inflammatory Response |
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Definition
1. Vasodilation
2. Phagocytic migration
3. Tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
abnormally high temperature
occurs during infection and inflammation
inhibits growth of pathogens
speeds up repair of tissues by increasing metabolic rate
intensifies effects of interferon |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein produced by cell to inhibit the development/spread of the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins produced by the body to inhibit growth and replication of antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that attaches to iron and transports into marrow so bacteria can't utilize for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive protein stored in plasma becomes active during infection, attaches to antigen and destroys it |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
| 5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Chemotaxis) |
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Definition
| movement of WBC to area of inflammation |
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Term
| 5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Adherence) |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Ingestion) |
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Definition
| microbe ingested into vesicle called a phagosome |
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Term
| 5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Digestion) |
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Definition
| lysosome utilized to break down microbe |
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Term
| 5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Killing) |
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Definition
| production of enzymes or chemicals to kill microbe |
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Term
| Natural Killer Cells (NKC's) |
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Definition
Lypmhocytes that have the ability to kill infected tissue cells and tumor cells
Found in blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
Come into direct contact with cell and destroy them through cell lysis |
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Term
| Adaptive Immunity (Specific Immunity) |
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Definition
Ability of the body to target and destroy specific antigens
Lymphocytes involved in specific immunity |
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Term
| Properties of specific immunity |
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Definition
1. able to specify for particular antigens
2. has memory of previously encountered antigens and produces a rapid and vigorous response during second encounter |
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Term
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Definition
a foreign protein
can be - microbes (virus, bacteria) or non-microbials (pollen, food, incompatible blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to provoke an immune response in an animal |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of an antigen to produce a specific reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Cell mediated immunity
directly attack antigen |
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Term
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Definition
humoral immunity
Transforms into plasma cell which secretes antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
involve t-cells which have specific antigen receptors on cell membranes
antigen is ingested by macrophage and presented on cell membrane
T-cell attaches to antigenic site and becomes a sensitized t-cell
it then clones itself into an army of cytotoxic cells who in turn attack antigen |
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Term
| Sensitized T-Cells (Cytotoxic) |
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Definition
Killer t-cells
attach to antigenic cells and destroy them directly |
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Term
| Sensitized T-Cells (Helper T-cells) |
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Definition
Most numerous T-cell
enhances activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, B-lympohcytes, and NKC's |
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Term
| Sensitized T-Cells (Suppressor T-cells) |
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Definition
inhibit t-cell function by negative feedback
controls immune response |
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Term
| Sensitized T-Cells (Memory T-cells) |
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Definition
survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
quicker response time and greater response than initial immune response |
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Term
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Definition
Involves B-cells - action takes place in plasma
Also known as antibody-mediated immunity
B-cells transform into plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins called antibodies in response to antigen
Antigen and antibody fit together to form an antigen-antibody complex which activates b-cells to clone themseleves |
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Term
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Definition
1. neutralize the antigen
2. prevent attachement of the pathogen to cell
3. immobilization of bacteria
4. agglutination and precipitation of the antigen
5. Enhances phagocytosis by other phagocytic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most common antibody found in the blood and extracellular fluid after prolonged exposure to antigen, combats bacterial and viral infections, can cross placental barrier to provide passive immunity to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| first antibody made by newborns (in response to antigen), provides temporary protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucosal immunity, block attachement of antigen on mucosal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| activiates cells to produce antimicrobial factors, hangs out on unexposed b-cells and acts as a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
function the same as T memory cells
do not differentiate into plasma cells
survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
Creates a quicker, greater response to the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
immunity produced by the administration of pre-formed antibodies
causes immediate, but short lived immunity
Examples - Maternal (ingestion of colostrum)
Articfical - administration of plasma or antiserum |
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Term
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Definition
The body mounts an immune response to the presence of an antigen
Ex - recovery from natural infection
vaccination |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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Definition
Allergic reactions
Allergen - antigen that induces an allergic reaction |
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Term
| Four Types of Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Type I - immediate hypersensitivity
Type II - Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type II - Immune complex
Type IV - delayed hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Type I - Immediate hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Anaphylactic rxn - occurs within minutes of exposure to an antigen, histamine released
C/S - redness, swelling, hives, airway obstruction, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
Most common cause - vaccines
Tx - diphenhydramine, +/- epi, Dex SP |
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Term
| Type II - Cytoxic Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
antibodies formed against the animals own blood or tissue cells
Ex - autoimmune reaction, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) |
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Term
| Type III - Immune Complex |
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Definition
Inflammatory reaction - antibodies and antigens combine to form complexes which become trapped in the endothelium
Ex - rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Inflammatory response happens over time (days)
ex - TB skin test, skin allergy testing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Lymphatic Organs |
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Definition
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT) |
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Term
| Functions of the Lymphatic System |
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Definition
removal of excess interstitial fluid
waste material transport
filtration
protein transport
transport of dietary lipids
protect against foreign invasion |
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Term
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Definition
fluid carried by the lymphatic system
contains - interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages, proteins, waste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
surrounding trachea and thoracic inlet
prominent in young animals and regresses at puberty
T-lymphocytes are processed here before distribution into peripheral tissues
kick starts normal immune development |
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Term
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Definition
similar to veins (thin-walled, one-way valves)
collect excess interstitial fluid, send through lymph nodes, return to bloodstream, empties into the systemic circulation via the right atrium of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
Small, kidney bean shaped structure along the length of lymphatic vessels
FUnction - filter blood and adds lymphocytes to lymph fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Submandibular*
Prescapular*
Axillary
Inguinal
Popliteal*
* = can be palpated |
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Term
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Definition
Largest lymph organ in the body
Functions - storage of blood, removal of foreign material by macrophages, removal of dead/dying or abnormal RBC's by macrophages, lymphocyte cloning during immune response |
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