Term
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Definition
| Amount of drug per unit of body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of drug given at one time |
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Term
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Definition
| SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD, PRN (when necessary), Q2H |
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Term
| Potential Causes of Toxicities |
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Definition
allergic reaction
inappropriate species
inappropriate amount/freq
inappropriate route |
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Term
| Reasons to Adjust Drug Dosage |
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Definition
certain breeds/species
gender (pregnancy)
age of animal (neonates vs. geriatrics)
pre-existing conditions |
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Term
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Definition
renal and/or liver failure
seizures
shock
drug interactions |
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Term
| Drug Distribution (Biphasic) |
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Definition
First Phase - absorption, distribution
Second Phase - transformation, elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of drug from site of admin into systemic blood circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
Fastest - IV, IC, IO
Intermediate - ET, IP, IM, SQ
Slowest - PO |
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Term
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Definition
| solubility best determines the route of admin to utilize. Two types = lipid and water soluble |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that dissolve in oil (lipid soluble)
They cross cell membrane readily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids
best route - PO |
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that dissolve in water
diffuse well into and through interstitial fluids
Best route - SQ, IM, IV |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of drug from the systemic circulation to the target tissue or intended site of action |
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Term
| Binding of a drug to a protein |
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Definition
Once absorbed, most drugs bind to a protein. The unbound portion of the drug will diffuse through the cell membrane, metabolize and then be excreted
Maintains equilibrium, part of the drug is used then excreted while the other is bound to protein and retained until needed |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood passing through a tissue or organ |
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Term
| Highly perfused organs and tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Poorly perfused tissues and organs |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the chemical alteration of a drug in the body. Prior to a drug being cleared from the blood it must be biotransformed |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical component formed from biotransformation |
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Term
| Sites of Biotransformation |
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Definition
Primary - liver
Secondary site - lungs, skin, intestinal tract |
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Term
|
Definition
The removal of a drug from the body
Primary site - kidneys
Secondary site - liver, lungs, sweat mammary glands |
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Term
| Major Routes of Drug Admin in the Body |
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Definition
Enteral - involves GI tract
Parenteral - bypasses GI
Categories - topical, injectable |
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Term
|
Definition
| pills, tablets (+/- chewable), caplets, capsules liquids powders, granules paste |
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Term
|
Definition
less amount of skill req
at home admin
less stressful to pt
less painful
iatrogenic infections less likely
less adverse reactions |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Oral Admin |
|
Definition
poss injury to pt or administrator
accuracy of dose
poss aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
| Three Indications for Using Oral Admin |
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Definition
treating specific GI disorder
when immediate absorption is not necessary
when dispensing home medications |
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Term
| Contraindications for Using Oral Admin |
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Definition
V/D
when rapid absorption needed
when there is poss interference with other drugs |
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Term
| Indications for Using Orogastric Tube |
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Definition
nutritional supp for anorexic pt
admin of a med
admin of radiographic contrast material
decompression of stomach
stomach lavage
dislodging a foreign body |
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Term
| Orogastric Tube Complications |
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Definition
misplacement of the tube
esophageal or gastric injuries |
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Term
| Orogastric TUbe PLacement |
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Definition
Dog - tip of nose to last rib
Cat - tip of nose to tenth or 11th rib
PLacement - measure (mark tube), use speculum (roll of tape_, lube tube, admin and remove |
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Term
| How to Verify Tube PLacement |
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Definition
Swallowing?
seeing tube go down esophagus?
feeling two tubes
listen/smell
coughing
radiograph (best indication) |
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Term
| Removal of Orogastric TUbe |
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Definition
Tip head down
kink the tube |
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Term
| What about puppies and kittens? |
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Definition
No need for mouth speculum
Important to warm the food and meds to body temp
important to stimulate defecation and urination after feeding tube |
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Term
| Indications for placing NG tube |
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Definition
longer term access to stomach than orogastric
nutritional support
decompression of stomach
admin of medications |
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Term
|
Definition
misplacement of tube
esophageal or gastric injuries
epistaxis
smaller width |
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Term
|
Definition
ability to bypass affected area of GIT
Pharyngostomy/Esophagostomy
Gastrostomy
Enterostomy |
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Term
| Indications for Sx Placed Feeding Tubes |
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Definition
prolonged nutritional support
GIT injuries (oral cavity-intestine) |
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Term
| Complications with Sx Placed Feeding Tubes |
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Definition
surgery
infection
dislodgement of tube
extensive aftercare |
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Term
| Indications for admin of enema |
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Definition
relief of constipation
evacuation of distal colon for dx studies of lower GI or sx involving lower GI
administering medications |
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Term
| Complications with enemas |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Warm water
warm soapy water (not recommended)
DSS (diocytl sodium succinate)
mineral oil
enema dose - 5-20mls/lb |
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Term
| Advantages for Injectable Admin |
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Definition
rapid onset of action
more accurate dosage |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Injectable Admin |
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Definition
greater skill req
+/- more painful/stressful to pt
greater risk of infection
greater risk for adverse reactions |
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Term
| Complications that can occur when giving an injection |
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Definition
hemorrhage or hematoma at site
abcess
granuloma (area of inflamed tissue)
local irritation
tissue necrosis due to intravascular deposit of an IV drug |
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Term
| SQ injection common sites |
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Definition
Scruff
lateral thorax
flank |
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Term
|
Definition
| tent skin, needle parallel to body, aspirate, inject |
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Term
| Medications that NEVER go SQ |
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Definition
whole blood
hypertonic solutions
oil-based meds can form granulomas don't dissolve interstitially |
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Term
|
Definition
should always be given on limbs (distal to scapula and hip)
cats can develop vaccine induced sarcomas which mayneed to be removed |
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Term
|
Definition
small animal -
Lumbar (epaxials, preferred)
Hamstring
Gluteals
LA - pectorals, triceps, cervical
quadriceps |
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Term
|
Definition
Dogs/Cats - 2cc at site, large dogs - 4cc at site
LA - 10cc at site |
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Term
| List of IV injections sites |
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Definition
cephalic vein
jugular vein (preferred)
lateral saphenous
femoral (cats)
sublingual (under anesthesia)
ear vein |
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Term
| The technique for IV injection |
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Definition
proper restraint most important
occlude vein
insert needle
aspirate
inject
remove
hold off |
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Term
|
Definition
| needle is placed into sinusoids within bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
tibial crest
trochanteric fossa
wing of ilium
greater tubercle of humerus |
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Term
| Indications for using an IO injection |
|
Definition
rapid admin of fluids or meds
when central or peripheral vein unavailable
when vein is too small to catheterize |
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Term
| Contraindications for IO injection |
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Definition
endotoxic pt (osteomyelitis)
placement in certain pneumatic bones
placement in fx or previously fx bone
placement over abcess |
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Term
| Intraperitoneal Injection |
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Definition
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture of the abdomen
therapeutic or diagnostic |
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Term
| Therapeutic Indications for IP injection |
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Definition
fluid therapy (neonates or small animals)
peritoneal lavage
peritoneal dialysis
euthanasia (animals 15 pounds or less) |
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Term
| Diagnostic Indication for IP Injection |
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Definition
evaluation of peritoneal fluid
collections for culture/sensitivity testing |
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Term
| Technique for IP injections |
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Definition
sx prep of abdomen
always aspirate before injection
can collect or inject in four quadrants of abdomen |
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Term
| Subconjunctival injection |
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Definition
Indications - medicating globe of the eye
Complications - irritation to surrounding tissues, infection, perforation into interior of eye |
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Term
| Technique for Subconjunctival |
|
Definition
needle placed under bulbar conjunctiva
25-27 gauge needle
visualize needle inserting into conjunctiva, and will see a bleb of medication |
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Term
|
Definition
indications - admin of medications, euthanasia, collection of blood
complications - trauma to heart and lungs, irritation to myocardium |
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Term
|
Definition
Position - right lateral, b/t fifth and sixth intercostal spaces
Palpate heartbeat first |
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Term
|
Definition
Indications - TB testing, contact allergy testing (dogs), infusing local anesthetic
complications - same as other injections, usually uncommon |
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Term
| Technique for INtradermal |
|
Definition
25-27 gauge
inject below epidermis into dermis
look for bleb of medication |
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Term
| Intraarticular Injections |
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Definition
needle placed into synovial joint
injections of steroids or joint meds
always done with sterile technique |
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Term
|
Definition
indications - anesthesia for sx procedures in caudal 1/3rd of body, prolonging anesthesia to prevent straining
complications - infection, lack of desired effect |
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Term
|
Definition
injection sites
small animal - between last lumbar and first sacral
LA - between sacrum and first caudal or between first and second caudal |
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Term
|
Definition
Injection of drug into CSF
indications - obtain CSF, injecting contrast material for myelogram
determining CSF pressure |
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Term
| Complications of INtrathecal |
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Definition
| infection, hermination of brain stem from removal of needle, seizure if contrast material reaches brain |
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Term
| Technique for Intrathecal |
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Definition
CSF in subarachnoid space
Injection sites - cisterna Magna in atlanto-occipital articulation, lumber area (L6-L7, L7-S1) |
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Term
|
Definition
indications - aspiration of air/fluid
placement of drain
diagnostic indications - obtaining pleural fluid
complications - loss of neg pressure in thorax |
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Term
| Technique for Thoracocentesis |
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Definition
placement - 7th-9th intercostal spaces
needle placed high or low
3-way stopcock placed at end of needle
chest drain can be placed after procedure |
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Term
|
Definition
| indications - when local effect desired (local, superficial infection or skin infestation), bypass systemic side effects, MM of eye absorb meds quickly |
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Term
| Topical Dermal Medications |
|
Definition
| indications - treat local skin infection, local fungal infection, for local anesthetic, control of fleas/ticks |
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Term
| Technique for topical dermal |
|
Definition
wear gloves or use applicator
+/- cover site or use e-collar to prevent animal from licking off ointment |
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Term
|
Definition
medication absorbed through the skin and into systemic circulation
Nitroglycerin
Prednisolone
Flea control
DMSO
analgesics - fentanyl patches |
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Term
| Ophthalmic Medication admin |
|
Definition
drops or ointment
indications - corneal ulcers, inflammation, swelling, dilate or constrict pupil
must be administered TID, QID, or more |
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Term
|
Definition
hold open lids and deposit medication on the sclera or lower palpebral border
don't touch tip of dispenser to eye |
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Term
|
Definition
indications - local ear infection, mites
Technique - clean ear thoroughly, pull pinna upward and back, massage base of ear after admin to distribute meds |
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Term
|
Definition
indications - some vaccinations (bordetella)
administration of O2, epi |
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