1) Not commonly used in veterinary medicine (Used to treat MRSA in human medicine)

2) Good against gram-positives

3) Given orally only for a specific Clostridium, otherwise given IV

List four side effects of Vancomycin.

1) Thrombophlebitis

2) Febrile reactions

3) Ototoxicity

4) Nephrotoxicity

1) Chicks and turkey poulets for susceptible organisms

2) Baby pigs under 4 wks and under 15 lbs. for E. coli scours

3) Cattle for respiratory disease from Haemophilus and Pasteurella (not for veal calves or dairy cows)

1) Spectam and Adspec

2) swelling at injection site

1) Neurotoxicity

2) Nephrotoxicity

if given parenterally

1) Trimethoprim

2) Pyrimethamine

3) Ormetoprim

create sulfadiazine, sulfaisoxazole, and sulfadimethoxine

1) Tribrissen

2) Primor

3) Albon

1) urticaria

2) vomiting and diarrhea

3) anorexia

4) fever

5) kidney damage due to crystal formation in carnivores

6) thrombocytopenia

7) leukopenia

8) anemia

9) photosensitivity

10) KCS

1) Topical wound treatment

2) Enteritis in pigs

3) Coccidiosis in chickens

4) Pink eye in cattle, sheep, goats

5) Eye and ear infections in dogs and cats

1) treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes diagnosed by culture, identification or hyphae

2) treatment of systemic fungal infections-blood, lungs, CNS diagnosed through serology

1) polyene

2) imidazole

3) antimetabolic

4) superficial

1) Amphoteracin B

2) Nystatin

1) nephrotoxicity (most common)

2) anorexia

3) anemia

4) fever

5) vomiting

6) seizures

7) cardiac arrest

How is Amphoteracin B most commonly administered?

IV by diluting it in 5% dextrose

also available in a SQ formulation

1) Ketaconazole-oral and topical

2) Miconazole-parenteral and topical

3) Clotrimazole-topical

1) tachycardia

2) arrhythmia

3) fever

4) nausea

5) thrombophelbitis after IV administration

Antimetabolic-fungistatic 

used in combination with others to treat yeasts

1) Bone marrow depression

2) Anemia

3) Leukopenia

4) Thrombocytopenia

1) Hepatotoxicity

2) Pregnant or breeding animals-produces congenital defects

1) birds

2) cats with confirmed ocular herpes that is untreatable with other medication

Cats-leukopenia and anemia

Birds-tissue necrosis at injection site

1) Preictal phase (aura): prior to actual seizure; anxiety; panting; pacing that can last minutes to hours

2) Ictal phase: generalized seizure (grand mal) or partial seizure (petit mal).

3) Postictal phase: after the seizure has subsided when the animal appears to be tired, confused, and maybe even blind.  Lasts seconds to hours.

Short-term: sedation or ataxia

Long-term: inhibits ADH so PU/PD; hepatotoxicity

will always see some elevation of liver enzymes with use

1) general anxiety

2) separation anxiety

3) obsessive-compulsive disorders

4) marking behavior in cats

1) anxiety

2) aggression

3) obsessive-compulsive behaviors

4) urine marking

Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) used for aggression, inappropriate elimination and skin problems

Not used anymore because causes hyperglycemia leading to diabetes, adrenal suppresion, endometrial hyperplasia and most significantly mammary tumors and hyperplasia

An enzyme that reduces the effectvieness of certain antibiotics by breaking down the beta-lactate ring

beta-lactamase I-penicillinase

beta-lactamase II-cephalosporinase

1) procaine pen. G

2) benzathine penicillins

1) Don't cross the blood-brain barrier easily

2) cause more allergic reactions than other antibiotics

3) Cause GI problems because normal, good intestinal flora are destroyed allowing overgrowth of some undesirable microbes

Ceftiofur sodium-Naxcell

3rd generation

1) Affect bone and teeth formation in young animals causing yellow staining of the teeth

2) May cause "drug fever" in cats

3) Hepatotoxic in high doses

Main: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

also neuromuscular synaptic dysfunction

1) Do not use with neuromuscular blocking agents

2) Do not use if animal has any renal problems or is on furosemide

3) Do not mix in a syringe with other medications

1) Gentamicin: Gentocin

2) Amikacin: Amiglyde-V

3) Kanamycin-Kantrim

4) Neomycin-Biosol

1) Dogs

2) Cats

3) Turkeys

4) Chickens

5) Cattle

1) formation of lesions in articular cartilage in young dogs in the rapid growth phase

2) CNS stimulation and precipitate seizures

3) retinal changes in cats resulting in blindness

1) Ciprofloxacin-Cipro

2) Enrofloxacin-Baytril

3) Marbofloxacin-Zeniquin

4) Orbifloxacin-Orbax

1) Dental infections

2) Osteomyelitis

3) Abcesses

4) Deep pyodermas

Clindamycin: Antirobe

good against anerobic bacteria

1) Treat Corynebacterium equi in foals

2) Treat some Streps

3) Used with amphotericin B to treat histo, blasto and aspergillus