1) Type A delta fibers-sharp, localized pain; myelinated

2) Type C-dull, localized pain; unmyelinated

1) pain

2) fever

3) inflammation

4) platelet aggregation

Phospholipase

Leukotrienes 

Prostaglandins

1) produce analgesia

2) reduce fever

1) GI ulceration and bleeding

2) Nephrotoxicity

3) Hepatotoxicity

4) Bone marrow suppression

5) inhibition of cartilage metabolism

6) bleeding from platelet inhibition

Name two common salicylates.

Active ingredient?

Aspirin and Pepto-Bismol

acetlysalicylic acid

1) antipyretic

2) analgesic

3) antiinflammatory

4) reduction of platelet aggregation

1) relief of mild pain from musculoskeletal conditions

2) post-adulticide treatment for heartworm disease

3) antipyretic

4) treatment of cardiomyopathy in cats

5) treatment of endotoxic shock

1) GI irritation leading to ulceration and bleeding

2) inability of cats to metabolize the drug rapidly

1) analgesia for mild-moderate pain

2) anti-inflamatory

3) antipyrexia

1) treatment of lameness in horses

2) treatment of colic in horses

3) anti-inflammatory, antipyrexia, analgesic in dogs and cattle

1) Butazolidin

2) Phenylzone

3) Equipalazone

4) Pro-bute

1) GI bleeding

2) bone marrow suppression

Give IV to avoid tissue sloughing.

horses and cattle

used off-label for dogs and other species

1) colic pain

2) musculoskeletal problems in horses

3) disk disease

4) endotoxic shock

5) parvo in dogs

Adverse effects of flunixin meglumine in horses?

In dogs?

Horses-swelling at injection site; sweating

Dogs-vomiting; diarrhea; gastric ulceration; nephrotoxitiy; melena

1) anti-inflammatory

2) acts as a carrier to take other substances through the skin

3) vasodilation

1) topical anti-inflammatory for acute swelling in dogs and horses

2) also given IV as adjunct to intestinal surgery

3) treats cerebral edema or spinal cord inflammation

4) treats for perivascular caparsolate administration

5) carries drugs across skin barrier

1) garlic taste

2) skin irritation and burning

3) teratogenic

4) can carry undesirable substances across the skin

5) may interact with cholinesterase inhibitors such as organophophates.

Tylenol

analgesic with limited anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect

Methemoglobinemia-denatures hemoglobin making it unable to carry oxygen.

Turns patient blue (cyanotic).

Pain associated with DJD

Post-surgical pain

1) GI ulceration/bleeding

2) heptotoxicity

3) nephrotoxicity

1) Reduce pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs over 4 lbs.

2) Treat osteoarthritis in dogs greater than 14 lbs.

1) GI issues

2) renal issues

3) hepatic issues

Meloxicam is the only NSAID approved for what?

Why?

Single, one-time SQ injection in cats

It is metabolized by oxidation rather than having to be conjugated with glucuronic acid.

1) GI

2) Liver

3) Kidneys

Onsior-newly approved by FDA; NSAID with multiple dosing capability in cats

January 2012

1) antipyretic

2) analgesic

3) anti-inflammatory

1) GI ulceration

2) renal dysfunction

3) generalized bleeding

Propionic Acid 

Equiprozen-horses

Naprosyn and Aleve-humans

1) Relief of pain/inflammation

2) lameness associated with myositis and other soft-tissue diseases

Horses-few

Dogs-GI ulceration/bleeding

What is the main side effect of opioid agonists?

List three other side effects.

Respiratory depression

1) sedation

2) excitement (esp. cats)

3) addiction

1) Morphine sulfate

2) Oxymorphone (Numorphan)

3) Meperidine (Demerol)

4) Codeine

5) Fentanyl transdermal patch (Duragesic)

Some by binding with kappa receptors (analgesia,sedation, miosis) while antagonizing mu receptors (respiratory depression, analgesia, hypothermia, euphoria, addiction).

Others are partial mu agonists.

1) sedation

2) ataxia

3) salivation

Butorphanol (Torbugesic)-CV

Buprenorphine (Buprenex)-CIII

Synthetic opioid

Possesses weak agonist actions at the mu receptors, releases serotonin, and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine

1) Control pain with surgery

2) Control pain with DJD

3) Relieve anxiety in dogs

Cats have to be dosed up to six times per day and Tramadol is not palatable.

1) Allergic response

2) Nausea from motion sickness

Used to treat:

1) pruritis

2) urticaria 

3) angioedema

4) laminitis in horses and cows

5) downer cow syndrome

6) motion sickness

7) anaphylactic shock

8) upper respiratory tract conditions

Diphenhydramine (Benedryl)-antipruritic

Hydroxyzine HCL (Atarax)-antipruritic

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)-motion sickness

Promethazine (Phenergan)-antiemetic

Chlorpheniramine maleate (Chlor-Trimeton)-cats with respiratory congestion 

Cimetadine (Tagamet)

Ranitidine (Zantac)

Prevent or treat gastric ulceration; antacids

1) drowsiness

2) weakness

3) dry mucous membranes

4) urinary retention

5) CNS stimulation with overdose

Decrease muscle hyperactivity without decreasing muscle tone.

Selective action on spinal neurons

Robaxin (methocarbamol)

1) excessive salivation

2) emesis

3) muscle weakness

4) ataxia

1) IVD

2) sprains and strains

3) myositis, bursitis

4) muscle spasms

5) tying up in horses

1) antipruritic

2) anti-inflammatory

3) suppresses the immune system which can be used to treat immune-mediated diseases

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)-regulte water and electrolyte balance

Glucocorticoids (cortisone)-anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressive; affects metabolism of fat, CHO, and protein

eosinopenia, lymphopenia, monocytopenia

neutrophilia

Zona glomerulosa-mineralocorticoids

Zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis-sex hormones

List two short-acting steroids.

<12 hours

Hydrocortisone

Cortisone

List four intermediate acting steroids.

12-36 hours

Prednisone

Prednisolone

Methylpredisolone

Triamcinolone

List four long acting steroids.

>48 hours

Betamethasone

Dexamethasone

Flumethasone

Paramethasone

Oral alternate day dosing (am for dogs, pm for cats)

wean off

use aseptic techniques when injecting joints

don't use on corneal ulcers

Lidocaine-works in 5-10 minutes and lasts for 1-2 hours

Bupivacaine-works in 20 minutes and lasts for 4-6 hours

Use of ethyl alcohol prolongs effect-months?

1) restlessness

2) excitement

3) hypotension

4) seizures

5) drowsiness

see problems if more than the total maximum dose is given