Term
| What are the two portions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| conducting and respiratory |
|
|
Term
| What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system consist of? |
|
Definition
| the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system consist of? |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles (in some species), alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What muscle abducts the vocal folds? What nerve innervates it? |
|
Definition
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| The nutritional blood of the heart is supplied by the _________. |
|
Definition
| right and left coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for the epicardium? |
|
Definition
| visceral serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| The tunica intima of an artery is made up of the ______, ______, and ________ |
|
Definition
| endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of an artery? |
|
Definition
| tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What lies between the tunica media and the tunica adventitia of an artery? |
|
Definition
| the external elastic lamina |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
| digestion and absorption (of nutrients and water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which foods are broken down into their constituent sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What absorbs the products of digestion? |
|
Definition
| capillary beds (for subsequent transport throughout the circulatory system) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the epithelia that line the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
1) release digestive enzymes
2) secrete mucous to enhance lubrication of the ingesta
3) emit neuro-endocrine substances which, in turn, modulate digestion and intestinal motility
4) provide a barrier against bacterial invasion |
|
|
Term
| What three components make up the tunica mucosa of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| the plexus of ganglia and nerve fibers located in the submucosa is known as the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tunica muscularis consists of two muscle coats, the ________ and the ________. Between these muscle coats lies the ______. |
|
Definition
inner circular
outer longitudinal
myenteric plexus (a plexus of ganglia and nerve fibers) |
|
|
Term
| what is special about the esophagus of dogs and ruminants? |
|
Definition
| the tunica muscularis consists entirely of skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| The process by which an animal takes food into its mouth is known as _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chewing is more technically called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the tooth that is exposed above the gum line is referred to as the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer most layer of a tooth's crown is ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Enamel is replaced as it is worn away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The layer of the crown beneath the enamel is called ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dentin is deposited on a tooth by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Dentin is replaced as it wears away |
|
Definition
| True: It is slowly replenished |
|
|
Term
| Why do the teeth of older animals frequently have a yellowish hue? |
|
Definition
| dentin is yellow in color, and as their enamel wears away, it exposes the underlying dentin. |
|
|
Term
What is the main secretory portion of the adenohypophysis?
What are the 5 types of endocrine cells found there? |
|
Definition
the pars distalis
somatotropes, corticotropes, lactotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes |
|
|
Term
| what is the technical name of the tooth socket? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what portion of the tooth is embedded in the alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the junction between a tooth's crown and its root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what composes the outer most layer of a tooth's root?
What is it formed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how a tooth is held in its alveolus |
|
Definition
| the tooth's cementum is penetrated by stout collagenous fibers (Sharpey's fibers) from the periodontal ligament. This ligament joins the cementum to the alveolar bone. |
|
|
Term
| why is the periodontal ligament of a cow lax? |
|
Definition
| so it will not injure its dental pad when it chews |
|
|
Term
| what is the softest portion of the tooth? Describe it. |
|
Definition
| the pulp cavity. it's permeated by blood vessels and nerves, which gain entry via a small apical foramen |
|
|
Term
| What are brachydont teeth designed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the root of a hypsodont tooth to that of a brachydont tooth |
|
Definition
| hypsodont teeth have small roots |
|
|
Term
| what type of teeth do cows have? |
|
Definition
| their incisors are brachydont and their cheek teeth are hypsodont |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first premolar in a horse (typically absent). they're typically removed due to interference with the bit |
|
|
Term
| contrast the epithelium of the esophagus in herbivores and carnivores |
|
Definition
herbivores: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
carnivores: stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) |
|
|
Term
| what is unique about the secretion of endocrine cells? |
|
Definition
| they secrete their products into the extracellular space (there are no ducts) |
|
|
Term
| contrast the method by which peptide and steroid hormones bind to and affect their target cells. |
|
Definition
peptide hormones: bind to surface receptors incorporated into the plasmalemma of the target cell. the peptide receptor usually acts via a second messenger system to elicit the cellular response
steroid hormones: are able to penetrate the plasmalemma and bind to a steroid binding protein within the cytoplasm. this steroid-protein complex is then transported through the nuclear envelope to bind with a receptive gene. Activation of the gene receptor initiates translation of a genetic message into a cellular response. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics/organnelles of a peptide hormone-secreting endocrine cell. |
|
Definition
golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous membrane bound granules
(may be acidophilic or basophilic depending on the product) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics/organnelles of a steroid hormone-producing endocrine cell. |
|
Definition
| foamy and acidophilic appearance. the acidophilia represents eosin staining of abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. the foamyness is due to the presence of lipid droplets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the hypophysis located? |
|
Definition
| in a saddle-shaped indentation of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica |
|
|
Term
| why are ruminants less likely to develop compression of the brain by pituitary neoplasm? |
|
Definition
| ruminants have a stout connective tissue sheet known as the diaphragma sella that extends across the sella turcica and prevents the encroachment of pituitary tumors on the brain. |
|
|
Term
| the hypophysis can be divided into two portions. name them. |
|
Definition
| adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
| The adenohypophysis consists of what three parts? |
|
Definition
| pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| What do somatotropes secrete, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
somatotropin:
it's a growth hormone that stimulates growth in nearly all cells, especially chondroblasts and osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| What do corticotropes secrete and what does it do? |
|
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| What do lactotropes secrete, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
prolactin:
stimulates mammary gland development and milk production |
|
|
Term
| What do thyrotropes secrete, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):
increases the production and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| What do gonadotropes secrete, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):
encourages follicular growth and estrogen production in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
Fosters ovulation and progesterone release from the ovary and testosterone release from the testis |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major hormones released from the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| What does antidiuretic hormone do? |
|
Definition
| acts upon the distal convoluted tubules of the nephron and the collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induces the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium to contract, thereby facilitating the alignment of the fetus in the birth canal, and ultimately, parturition.
Also stimulates the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli of the mammary gland to contract, fostering "milk letdown" |
|
|
Term
| What three cell types make up the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and what does each secrete? |
|
Definition
alpha cells: glucagon
beta cells: insulin
delta cells: somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the endocrine pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the main function of the urinary system?
What are its secondary functions? |
|
Definition
remove waste products from the blood
regulate the volume of water in the body fluids and maintain the pH and electrolyte balance in these fluids |
|
|
Term
| What gives the medulla of the kidney its striated appearance? |
|
Definition
| renal loops and collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| What type of kidney does the bovine have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is special about the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus (in the kidney)? |
|
Definition
| they do not have a diaphragm over the pores |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle (kidney)? |
|
Definition
1) fenestrated capillaries
2) Basement membrane
3) filtration slits with diaphragm (between the foot processes of the podocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the basement membrane in the capillaries of the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| the fused basal laminae ofthe capillary endothelium and the podocytes |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the cortex of the kidney and what does each contain? |
|
Definition
Medullary rays: the straight portions of the tubules and the collecting ducts
Cortical labyrinths: the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
| Name the portions of the nephron in the order in which fluid travels through them. |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, thick descending segment of the renal loop, thin segment of the renal loop, thick ascending segment of the renal loop, distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| it reabsorbs the vital nutrients (Na, K, Cl, glucose, water) that have escaped through the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| What gives the cells that line the proximal convoluted tubule their acidophilic striated appearance? |
|
Definition
| mitochondria (laying all in one direction) and basal infoldings of the plasmalemma (increase surface area for reabsorption of nutrients) |
|
|
Term
| What function(s) does the thick descending segment of the renal loop serve? |
|
Definition
| it concentrates te filtrate by reabsorbing water and establishes the concentration gradient of the medullary interstitium by reabsorbing sodium |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the thin segment of the renal loop? |
|
Definition
| water is osmotically pulled from the descending portion of the thin segment into the interstitium because of the concentrated solutes. |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the cells of the thick ascending segment of the renal loop, and what occurs here? |
|
Definition
| the cells are impermeable to water, but they continue pumping sodium out of the filtrate into the interstitia. |
|
|
Term
| What component of the kidney is unique to mammals and birds, and what does it enable them to do? |
|
Definition
the renal loop
conserve water and concentrate the urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the macula densa, where is it found, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It's found in the distal convoluted tubule, and it's a region of the tubule close to the renal corpuscle where its epithelium becomes columnar in shape on the side closest to the renal corpuscle. It's sensitive to sodium chloride concentrations, responding in signals that cause constriction of afferent arterioles of the renal corpuscles, decreasing glomerular perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Where does aldosterone have its action, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It's a hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, it's released by the adrenal gland, and sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule is dependant on it. |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells in the liver remove both red blood cells that are worn out or structurally flawed and foreign material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone actively facilitates the reabsorption of water along the length of the collecting tubules (resulting in more concentrated urine)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the majority of the testis (lined with germinal epithelium...)? |
|
Definition
| convoluted seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what sheet of connective tissue lends shape and support to the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anastomosing network of tubules in the center of the testis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formation of spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
1) spermatocytogenesis
2) meiosis
3) spermiogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the most basal layer of cells in the convoluted seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the first step of spermatogenesis. |
|
Definition
Spermatocytogenesis:
spermatogonia mitotically divide to both create more spermatogonia and to form primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
What happens to primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis?
Hint: This process constitutes the "meiosis" step of spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1) they undergo a reductional (1st meiotic) division to become secondary spermatocytes
2) secondary spermatocytes undergo the 2nd meitoic division to become primary spermatids |
|
|
Term
| What happens to primary (early) spermatids during spermiogenesis? |
|
Definition
| They undergo a metamorphasis to become secondary (late) spermatids, which then continue to metamorphosize and mature into spermatozoa. |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce and secrete testosterone, and where are they found? |
|
Definition
Leydig cells
found in the testis nestled between te seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
they support, protect, and provide nutrition to the developing spermatogenic cells
They also secrete fluids that transport the spermatozoa through the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| What cells can convert testosterone into estradiol in the male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the blood/testis barrier and why is it important? |
|
Definition
tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells
Important because post-meiotic sperm cells are genetically different from the remainder of the host's cells and would therefore serve as an antigenic stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| The convoluted seminiferous tubules give rise to the _________. At the same time the germinal epithelium is replaced by _____________. |
|
Definition
| The convoluted seminiferous tubules give rise to the straight seminiferous tubules. At the same time the germinal epithelium is replaced by simple cuboidal epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| The tubules of the rete testis come together to form ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follow the path of a spermatozoa from its formation in the convoluted seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| convoluted seminiferous tubules > straight seminiferous tubules > rete testis > efferent ductules > epididymal duct (head>body>tail) > ductus deferens > pelvic urethra > penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| Where are stereocilia found and what purpose do they serve? |
|
Definition
found in the epididymal duct
fluid absorption (thought to facilitate the transport of spermatozoa through the efferent ductules and the proximal portion of te epididymal duct) |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| ductus deferens, deferential artery and vein, testicular artery and vein, nerves, and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What cools arterial blood before it supplies the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of penises? and name an animal that has each type |
|
Definition
musculocavernous: dog, cat, horse
fibroelastic: bull, ram, boar |
|
|
Term
| The two ductus deferens empty into the urethra along with tiny ductules from the prostate at the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of saliva? |
|
Definition
| moisten and lubricate food |
|
|
Term
| what are the three major salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| parotid, mandibular, and sublingual |
|
|
Term
| What does the exocrine pancreas produce? |
|
Definition
digestive enzymes (or enzyme precursors that are activated in the GI tract)
and a fluid rich in bicarbonate that serves to neutralize the acid chyme entering the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| The liver receives nutritional blood from ____ and functional blood from ___ |
|
Definition
Nutritional: Hepatic artery
Functional: Portal vein |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the portal triad in the liver? |
|
Definition
| branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the portal vein, and interlobular bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what type of capillaries are found in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver contains cords of cells called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the horse, the junction between the non-glandular (esophageal) and glandular (cardiac) portion of the stomach is known as the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac sphincter, and what is its function? |
|
Definition
The area where the tunica muscularis at the esophageal junction is markedly thickened
it remains tightly constricted during digestion in order to retain acid and digestive enzymes within the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Describe the location of the fundic portion of the stomach |
|
Definition
| The portion of the greater curvature that extends above the esophageal junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest portion of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fundus and the body of the stomach are lined by a glandular epithelium known as the _____________. |
|
Definition
| proper gastric gland region |
|
|
Term
| What are the two principle types of secretory cells in the proper gastric gland region, and what does each secrete? |
|
Definition
parietal: manufacture intrinsic factor (which facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12) and hydrochloric acid
peptic cells: release pepsinogen, which is converted by the hydrochloric acid to pepsin (an enzyme involved in protein digestion) |
|
|
Term
| What are the folds of the stomach called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pyloric portion of the stomach can be recognized histologically by the presence of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone is secreted in the pyloric region of the stomach?
What does it do? |
|
Definition
gastrin
Stimulates the release of acid by the parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the compartments of the forestomachs in a ruminant? |
|
Definition
| rumen, reticulum, and omasum |
|
|
Term
| what portion of a ruminant's stomach is the "true stomach"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which compartment of the ruminant stomach houses microorganisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the folds in the wall of the reticulum that close off in a young suckling animal to create a tube for the milk that byasses the rumen and reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary cells of the small intestine epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does cellulose digestion and fermentation occur in the horse? |
|
Definition
| the cecum and ventral colon |
|
|
Term
| What are three locations in the horse's intestine that are predisposed to intestinal blockage? |
|
Definition
cecocolic orifice
pelvic flexure
transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| Deep to the tunica albuginea (in the ovary), spindle-shaped cells are arranged in whirling arrays. These are the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primordial and primary follicles can be distinguished by _________
How do they differ in regards to this characteristic? |
|
Definition
the presence of a single layer of surrounding follicular cells
Primordial follicles: these cells are squamous
Primary follicles: They are cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| The first stage of meiosis begins in the primary oocyte _______, but is arrested in the prophase stage until _________ |
|
Definition
before birth
after puberty |
|
|
Term
multiple layers of follicular cells surrounding an oocyte are collectively known as the _________, and the cells are referred to as ______.
At this stage the follicle is considered a ______ follicle |
|
Definition
stratum granulosa
granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| the oocyte becomes surrounded by the ______ in a secondary follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fate typically becomes polyoocytic follicles? |
|
Definition
| they become atretic (degenerate and die) |
|
|
Term
| When a fluid-filled space develops in the stratum granulosa, the growing follicle is classified as ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the follicular antrum is filled with _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mound of stratum granulosa that encapsulates the oocyte and projects into the antrum of a tertiary follicle is referred to as the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granulosa cells immediately around the oocyte make up the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stromal cells coalesce to form the theca folliculi around a tertiary follicle. this consists of the ______ and the _____ |
|
Definition
| theca interna and theca externa |
|
|
Term
what cells produce testosterone in the ovary?
what cells convert it to estrogen? |
|
Definition
theca interna cells
granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
Near the end of pregnancy, the corpus luteum wil secrete ______.
What's it do? |
|
Definition
relaxin
softens the cervix and pelvic symphasis |
|
|
Term
| A vaginal smear with a lot of blood is indicitive of _______ in the bitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vaginal smear with a predominance of keratinized squamous epithelial cells is indicitive of _________ in the bitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 stages of the estrus cycle (starting with proestrus)? Briefly describe them |
|
Definition
proestrus - the period when the tertiry follicle is growing and approaching maturity
estrus - the period when the female will accept the male
metestrus - the period when the corpus luteum is forming
diestrus - the period when the fully formed corpus luteum is functional |
|
|
Term
| The teat sinus communicates with the outside through ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main blood supply to the udder? |
|
Definition
| the paired external pudential arteries |
|
|
Term
Number of teats:
dog, cat
Horse
Swine
Cow
Sheep, goats |
|
Definition
Number of teats:
dog, cat - 5 pairs
Horse - 1 pair
Swine - 7 pairs
Cow - 2 pairs
Sheep, goats - 1 pair
|
|
|
Term
Number of teat canals per teat:
Dog
Swine
Cat
Cow
Horse |
|
Definition
Number of teat canals per teat:
Dog - 8-15
Swine - 2-3
Cat - 4-7
Cow - 1
Horse - 2
|
|
|
Term
The adrenal medulla is populated by what two cell populations?
What does each secrete? |
|
Definition
| A-cells (epinephrine/adrenaline) and N-cells (norepinephrine/noradrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the adrenal gland is associated with the "fight or flight" reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal cortex can be subdivided into 3 layers. What are they? What does each secrete? |
|
Definition
zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata (steroid hormones called glucocorticoids)
zona reticulata (mostly androgens, which are testosterone like substances) |
|
|
Term
the thyroid gland contains large parafollicular cells that secrete _______
what's it do? |
|
Definition
calcitonin
lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major cell types of the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chief cells in the parathyroid secrete ________, which _________. |
|
Definition
parathormone
increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb bone. |
|
|
Term
| What are the secretory units of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
