Animal: Retinol/Retinoids (Fish oils, milkfat, egg yolk) Plant: Carotenoids (Colored veg, carrots, squash)

1. Vision

2. Growth/Metabolism

3. Reproduction (spermatogenesis, maintenance of preg)

4. Bone Formation

Can affect any mucosal surface - Columnar, mucus secreting epithelium --> keratinized squamous cells

1. Blindness, Dry eye

2. Infertility/abortion

3. Anorexia

4. Diarrhea

5. Congenital defects (mostly ocular) when maternal deficiency

1. Skeletal malformation

2. Young - premature growth plate closure

3. Adult - Cervical vertebra hyperplasia

4. Birth defects

1. Vegetable Oils

2. Eggs

3. Liver

4. Green forage (especially alfalfa)

Increase: increased PUFAs (# and type - more double bonds increases req), increased trace minerals (Cu, Fe, etc. - oxidants)

Decrease: Selenium (antioxiant), antioxidants

Related mostly to oxidation of cell membranes. Oxidized PUFAs will react with divalent cations (Fe2+, or most commonly Ca2+) to form chalky deposits in tissues.

1. Hepatic necrosis (pigs)

2. Pancreatic dystrophy (chicks)

3. Nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)

4. Infertility/embryonic death

5. Steatitis (SQ fat becomes inflamed due to chalky deposits) - cats only

Chronic: Sloughed hooves, coarse coat, loss of mane/tail

Accute/Iatrogenic:Sudden death (dsypnea, tacchycardia, sweating, pyrexia [increased temp], ataxia)

1. Synthesized by gut/rumen microbes

2. Dark green leaves/veg

3. Fish meal, liver, vegetable oil

1. Activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X

2. Carboxylation reactions (glutamic acid, osteocalcin, and others)

1. Antagonists (rodenticide, moldy sweet clover, brakenfern)

2. Lipid malabsorption

3. Antibiotic treatment (kill gut microflora)

4. Being an infant (no microflora yet)

1. Decreased growth

2. Anorexia

3. GI changes

4. Skin issues

5. Nervous system issues

1. Low dietary intake

2. Losses in processing or storage of feed

3. High concentrations of molecules which degrade or inhibit absorption

1. Niacin (B3)
2. Riboflavin (B2)
3. Vitamin C
4. Thiamin (B1)
5. B6
6. Pantothenic Acid (CoA)
7. Biotin (Vitamin H)
8. Folate
9. B-12 (Cobalamine)

Dietary: B3, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid

Active: NAD+, NADP+

1. Coenzyme for oxidoreductase reactions
2. Substrate for reactions related to histone production
3. Treatment for hyperlipidemia (mechanism unknown)

Pelagra:

1. Four D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

2. Oral ulceration, glossitis (Black Tongue in Dogs)

1. B2
2. Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
3. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

1. Oxidoreductases
2. Dehydrogenases

1. Diet high in cereal/grains w/o supplementation
2. Diets damaged by UV light during storage

1. Issues with skin, eyes, nevous system

2. "Curly Toe" in birds

1. L-ascorbic acid
2. Dehydroascorbic acid

Biochemical functions of Vitamin C (6)

1. Antioxidant
2. Collagen synthesis
3. Regenerate reduced vitamin E
4. Epinephrine synthesis
5. Reduce metal ions
6. Enhance Fe aborption

Scurvy

1. Hemmorhage and capillary fragility (normal clotting)
2. Increased susceptibility to infection
3. Bleeding gums, loosening teeth
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Slow wound healing
6. Scoliosis and lordosis (fish)

Low dietary intake AND no ability to synthesize Vit C

1. Primates
2. Bats
3. Guinea Pigs
4. Some birds
5. Some fish

1. Oxidative decarboxylation
2. Transketolase reactions
3. Nerve Transmission

1. Cardiovascular (tachycardia, bradycardia)
2. Nervous system (mental confusion, ataxia, muscle weakness, anorexia, paralysis)
3. Bilateral, symmetrical lesions in the brain (diagnostic)

1. Low dietary intake
2. Destruction by processing (especially canning)
3. Destruction by thiaminases or antagonists

Other names/forms of B6 (5)

Give at least prefix and full name of active form

Prefix: Pyridox-

1. Pyridoxine
2. Pyridoxal
3. Pyridoxamine
4. Pyridoxal phosphate (ACTIVE)
5. Pyridoxamine phosphate

1. Amino acid metabolism
2. Glycogen metabolism

 1. Coenzyme for protein, carbohydrate, and fattty acid metabolism

2. Coenzyme for fatty acid synthesis

1. Coenzyme for 4 carboxylases
2. Especially important for gluconeogenesis

1. Severe dermatitis and alopecia
2. Cracked hooves and lesions under feet

1. Folic acid
2. Folacin
3. Pteroglutamic acid

1. Single carbon transfers
2. Important for DNA synthesis
3. Important for histidine metabolism

1. Megaloblastic anemia
2. Leukopenia

Issues with any high turnover cells (DNA synthesis disrupted)

Causes of Folate deficiency

1. Cobalamin
2. Methylcobolamin
3. Adenosyl

1. Methionine synthetase
2. Methylmalonyl coA mutase

1. Muscle wasting
2. Proteinuria
3. Anemia
4. Neutropenia

Saturated: No double bonds, fully hydrogenated

Unsaturated: One double bond

Polyunsaturated: >2 double bonds

Which is cis and which is trans?

[image]

Top: cis

Bottom: trans

From which end do you count double bonds in the biochemical system? In the nutrition (omega) system?

Biochemical: COO- (carboxyl) end

Nutrition: CH3 (methyl) end

1. Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6)
2. a-linoleic acid (C18:2 n-3)
3. Arachadonic acid (C20:2 n-6) - cats
4. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) in some species

Symptoms of n-6 fatty acid deficiency (8)

(not a learning objective)

1. Trans-dermal water loss
2. Scaly skin
3. Skin lesions
4. Coarse haircoat
5. Alopecia
6. Poor reproductive capacity
7. Fragile red blood cells
8. Increased n-9 to n-6 ratio