Term
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Definition
Oral inflammation
Periodontal disease
Lip Fold Dermatitis
Oral Trauma
Oral Neoplasia
Feline Eosinophilic Complex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of oral mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects all structures involved with tooth attachment, 60-80% of dogs and cats are affected, starts w/ plaque and the bacteria in the plaque gradually damage tooth attachments and alveolar bone leading to tooth loss |
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Term
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Definition
| white, slippery film composed of bacteria, food, debris, exfoliated cells, and saliva |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Periodontal Disease Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Asymptomatic, halitosis, reluctance to chew, pawing at mouth, head shy, oral pain, personality changes, sneezing/nasal discharge, increased salivation, facial swelling, tooth loss, weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Periodontal disease Treatment |
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Definition
| dental scaling/polishing, subgingival curettage, root planing, extractions, antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| cheilitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the lips, usually secondary to trauma, foreign body, periodontal disease, or stomatitis. Also secondary to licking infected skin or wounds. Pendulous lips allow food and salivation accumulation. |
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Term
| Lip fold dermatitis Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Scratching or rubbing at lips, foul odor to breath, excess salivation, anorexia, perioral hair discolored, moist, or matted with thick yellow-brown malodorous discharge. Perioral skin hyperemic and ulcerated |
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Term
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Definition
| red d.t. increased blood flow to the area |
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Term
| Lip Fold Dermatitis Treatment |
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Definition
sedate, clip hair, cleanse daily
Treat PD/stomatitis
Treat primary lesions
May require surgical resection of lips |
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Term
| Things clients should do about Lip Fold Dermatitis |
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Definition
Keep lips clean and dry
Frequent hair trimming
Good dental hygiene
Use a light dusting of cornstarch to keep area dry |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to many causes, may involve a mandibular symphasis fracture, may be due to linear foreign bodies, fish hooks, bones, sticks, etc |
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Term
| Oral Trauma Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| history, increased salivation, inability to close mouth, reluctant or unable to eat, presence of a FB, pawing at mouth |
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Term
| 2 most common malignant oral tumors |
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Definition
malignant melanomas - dogs w/ heavily pigmented mouths
squamous cell carcinomas |
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Term
| 2 most common benign oral tumors |
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Definition
Papillomas - viral etiology
Epulis/Epulides - occur in gingiva, near incisors (hyperplasia) |
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Term
| Feline Eosinophilic Complex |
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Definition
| AKA Indolent/Rodent ulcers, often on upper lip, idiopathic, lesions are an accumulation of inflammatory cells - mostly eos. Red, well-circumscribed lesion, ulcerated, raised edges, may extend up to the nose |
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Term
| Feline Eosinophilic Complex Treatment |
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Definition
| Corticosteroids (Depo-Medrol), laser, radiation, cryotherapy for unresponsive lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Converted to pepsin breaks down protein, stimulates more HCl and gastrin release |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone, stimulates release of mucus and HCl |
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Term
| Mucus and Bicarbonate Ion |
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Definition
| reduce acidity due to HCl and helps protect lining of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
Acute gastritis
Immune mediated inflammatory bowel disease
gastric ulcers
Gastric dilation and volvulus
Gastric neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the stomach, inflammation and mucosal damage occur in response to gastric mucosal insult |
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Term
| Acute Gastritis Clinical Signs |
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Definition
Variable appetite/anorexia
vomiting +/- diarrhea
Dehydration
painful abdomen
Increase salivation |
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Term
| Acute Gastritis Treatment |
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Definition
| most cases are self-limiting and do not require treatment, NPO 8-36 hrs, fluids if dehydrated, antiemetics (metoclopramide), antacid (cimetidine), protective (sucralfate), antibiotics. Once animal stops vomiting place on a bland diet. If vomiting continues, recheck. |
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) |
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Definition
| Immune mediated inflammatory bowel disease; chronic gastritis, enteritis, colitis; most common in cats; accumulation of inflammatory cells w/in the GI mucosa. Idiopathic |
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Chronic vomiting/diarrhea, wt. loss, straining to defecate, melena, hematochezia, palpate thickened bowel loops |
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Treatment |
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Definition
| Hypoallergenic diets, treat for parasites, immunosupressive doses of prednisone. Non-responsive - azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. Bacterial overgrowth - metronidazole, sulfasalazine. Reduce dose of corticosteroids to lowest effective dose. Therapy required for life. |
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Term
| Side effects of immunosuppressive drugs |
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Definition
PU/PD
Polyphagia
Weight Gain
Skin and UTI
May shorten life span |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Gastric erosive or ulcer disease. Caused by NSAIDs, corticosteroids, hepatic and renal insufficiency, uremic toxins, Addison's Disease, FB, Heliobacter spp., stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Penetrate only into the mucosal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Penetrate past the mucosa into connective tissue. Maybe even into muscularis. May perforate stomach. |
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Term
| Gastric Ulcers Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Asymptomatic, vomiting is m.c. sign. Pale mucous membranes, anemia, abdominal pain, septicemia (if perforated), wt. loss, anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid therapy, blood transfusion, antiulcer drugs, antibiotic for Heliobacter, perforations - stabilize and do exploratory surgery. Do no use NSAIDs or steroids w/out vet supervision. Limit stress on animal. |
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Term
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Definition
H2 blockers (cimetidine)
Omeprazole
Protectants (Sucralfate)
Prostaglandins (misoprostol) - prevents ulcers from NSAIDs |
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Term
| Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (GDV) |
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Definition
| Blocks return of blood to the heart, increases stomach pressure causing ischemia and necrosis of gastric wall. Spleen may become congested. Endotoxins from GI tract activate inflammation. Results in hypovolemic and endotoxic shock. It is life threatening and survival is dependent on early recognition and treatment. Disease of large breed, deep chested dogs. Can occur at any age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twisting of the stomach on its long axis, occludes the passage of gastric contents through the esophagus or duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| overdistension of the stomach with ingesta, gas, or fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Age, breed, conformation
Laxity of gastric ligaments
Large volumes of food or water
Delayed gastric emptying
Postprandial exercise
Accumulation of gas - aerophagia
Failure of normal vomiting or eructating reflex |
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Term
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Definition
Acute, non-productive retching
Hypersalivation
Abdominal pain/distension
Increased HR and RR
Weakness/collapse
Depression
Nausea
Brick red MM from endotoxins
Arrhythmias - VPCs |
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Term
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Definition
Manage/prevent shock
Decompress stomach
Fluid therapy
Stabilize dog and prep for sx |
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Term
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Definition
Trocar - 16-18 g needle inserted into area of most tympany
Orogastric Tube - may need to sedate
Temporary gastrotomy tube
Gastric lavage |
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Term
| 3 GDV surgical interventions |
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Definition
Gastropexy
Gastric resection
Splenectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs frequently in dogs, assoc. w/ FeLV in cats. Adenocarcinoma m.c. in dogs. Lymphosarcoma m.c. in cats - discrete mass or diffuse in mucosa. |
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Term
| Gastric Neoplasia Clinical Signs |
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Definition
Chronic and progressive vomiting
Weight Loss
Obstruction
Melena
Hematochezia |
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Term
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Definition
| Brush border, absorption of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| From the bottom of the villus, produce new cells that replace old villus cells as they slough off of the top |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the pancrease to release bicarbonate and the liver to increase bile production |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the pancrease to release digestive enzymes and the liver to empty gall bladder |
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Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide |
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Definition
| Decreased stomach activity |
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Term
| 4 Small Intestine Diseases |
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Definition
Impairment of the absorbtive villous surface
Malabsorbtion
Diarrhea
Small intestinal neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common type of diarrhea seen in a small animal clinic |
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Term
| 3 Causes of Acute Diarrhea |
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Definition
| Diet change, drug therapy, stress |
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Term
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Definition
Acute
Parasitic
Bacterial
Viral
Dietary intolerance/sensitivity |
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Term
| Signs of Parasitic Diarrhea |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, vomiting, blood in vomit or diarrhea, wt. loss, poor hair coat. |
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Term
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Definition
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Corona Virus
Feline Panleukopenia/Parvovirus |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects intestinal villi and they collapse. Virus is shed in feces, vomit, and saliva. Can be spread by fomites. Persists in the environment for long periods of time. Pt is contagious - avoid other dogs. Clean fecal matter up for several weeks after. Use a 10% Clorox solution to clean area. VACCINATE! |
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Term
| Canine Parvovirus Clinical Signs |
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Definition
Vomiting
Depression
Fever
Bloody Diarrhea
Anorexia
Lethargy
Dehydration |
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Term
| Canine Parvovirus Diagnosis |
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Definition
ELISA test
Decreased WBC count
Viral detection in stool |
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Term
| Canine Parvovirus Treatment |
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Definition
NPO
Fluid therapy
Plasma transfusion
Antibiotics
Antiemetics
Isolation
Keep warm, dry, clean
Wear protective clothing
Foot dip |
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Term
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Definition
Shed in feces
By itself usually mild
Less damage to intestinal villi than parvo. |
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Term
| Canine Corona Virus C. S. |
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Definition
| Yellow-green to orange malodorous diarrhea - may have blood or mucus. May be persistent or intermittent for 3-4 weeks. Supportive therapy and isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Feline parvovirus/feline infectious anemia/feline distemper, highly contagious, often fatal, most severe in kittens. Affects rapidly growing and dividing cells such as in the bone marrow, lymph tissue, intestinal epithelium, and cerbellum and retinas of young animals. In pregnant queens it will affect the kittens w/ embryonic death, mummification, abortion, stillbirth, cerebellar hypoplasia.
Transmitted oronasally. Virus is abundant in all secretions and can survive in the environment over a year. |
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Term
| Feline Panleukopenia C. S. |
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Definition
Most are subclinical
Most patients manifest illness under 1 yr.
Fever/Depression/Anorexia
Vomiting/Diarrhea/Dehydration
Abdominal pain
Thickened intestinal loop
Cerebellar hypoplasia
High mortality in kittens. |
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Term
| Feline Panleukopenia Treatment |
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Definition
Vigorous fluid therapy
Dextrose and KCl
Antibiotics
Plasma/whole blood transfusion
Antiemetics |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria invade and damage intestinal epithelium, release enterotoxins which stimulate secretions, attach to mucosal surfaces, and produce cytotoxins |
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Term
| 3 Gram (-) Bacterial infections |
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Definition
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Escherichia coli |
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Term
| 2 Gram (+) Bacterial infections |
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Definition
Clostridium
Staphylococcus |
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Term
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Definition
| Beef, soy, chicken, milk, corn, wheat, eggs (but any protein can be involved) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| More common in cat than dog, usually in older animals |
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Term
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Definition
| More common in cat than dog, may occur at any age, but more common in older animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a smaller, proximal segment of the intestine invaginates in the larger portion of the large bowel (often occurs at a junction such as illium/colon junction) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of normal colonic function, usually a dysfunction of colonic smooth muscles, results in sever fecal impaction and colonic distenstion. Occurs in older, obese cats. |
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Term
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Definition
Perineal hernia
Perianal fistula
Perianal gland tumor (m.c.) |
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Term
| Most Common Rectoanal Disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protusion of a hernial sac in the perineal area. Usually occurs in intact male dogs >6-8 yrs. |
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Term
| Perineal hernia - Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Is reducible. Causes pain on defecation, irregular bowel movements, constipation, rectal deviation |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to be manipulated back thru the hernia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical treatment for a perineal hernia involving stiching and reinforcing the lesion. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal opening in the perianal area. Can be single or multiple ulcerated sinuses - draining tracts. Usually occurs in large breed dogs, such as German Shepherds and Irish Setters. |
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Term
| Perianal Fistula - Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Onset is insidious and goes undetected initially. Excess licking of perianal area, fecal incontinence, tenesmus, constipation. Perianal hemorrhage, foul odor and thick discharge, personality change, pain on raising tail |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Perianal fistula - treatment |
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Definition
| Immunosuppresion, cyclosporine, asathioprine, prednisone. Surgical correction and anal sac removal |
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Term
| Perianal gland tumor or Perianal adenoma |
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Definition
| benign androgen dependent tumor. Seen in older, intact male dogs. Can be ulcerated, hemorrhage, or infection. Large tumors can be obstructive |
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Term
| Perianal gland tumor - Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Excessive licking of perianal region, masses around anus/tailhead/inguinal region/prepuce, ulcerated/bleeding masses, may be an incidental finding |
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Term
| Perianal gland tumor - diagnosis |
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Definition
| FNA, histiopathology, intact older male dog |
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Term
| Perianal Gland Tumor - Treatment |
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Definition
| neuter, excise mass, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, estrogen therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| GI tract blood drains directly into liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces bile to emulsify and break down fat, gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| making glucose from a non-carb source |
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Term
| Acute toxin induced liver disease |
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Definition
| acute failure when 70-80% of functional mass is injured. Most susceptible to ingested toxins, chronic damage may occur with long term drug use |
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Term
| 6 Types of Drugs that can cause Acute toxin induced liver disease |
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Definition
Acetaminophen
Phenobarbital
Antifungals
Anabolic steroids
NSAIDs
Diazepam - cats |
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Term
| Acute Toxin Induced Liver Disease - Clinical Signs |
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Definition
| Acute onset of signs: Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, PU/PD, jaundice, melena, hematuria, CNS depression, ataxia, dementia, blindness, seizures, coma |
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Term
| Acute toxin induced liver disease - Diagnosis |
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Definition
| Hx of drug administration or accidental ingestion, painful liver, hepatomegaly, increased ALT/ALKP/bilirubin/bile acids/ammonia, hypoglycemia, coagulopathy |
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Term
| Acute toxin induced liver disease - Tx |
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Definition
| Antidotes, induce vomiting, activated charcoal, supportive therapy |
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Term
| 5 Drugs that induce Chronic toxin induced liver disease |
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Definition
Anticonvulsants
Glucocorticoids
Methimazole
Antifungals
NSAIDs |
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Term
| Chronic toxin induced liver disease - CS |
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Definition
| Same as for acute, but happen over a longer period of time (insidious onset)- vomiting, diarrhea,constipation, PU/PD, jaundice, melena, hematuria, CNS signs |
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Term
| Chronic toxin induced liver disease - Dx |
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Definition
| History of long term drug use, increased ALT/ALKP/Bile acids, decreased albumin/cholesterol, liver biopsy |
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Term
| Chronic toxin induced liver disease - Tx |
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Definition
| Stop administering the drug, low-protein diet, supportive therapy, antibiotics if needed, feeding tube if needed |
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Term
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis |
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Definition
| Vaccinate with canine adenovirus 1 to prevent. Causes hepatic necrosis in dogs. Oronasal transmission. Virus replicates in the tonsils and lymph nodes. Localizes in the liver. |
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Term
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis - C.S. |
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Definition
| Usually occurs in dogs under 1 yr, petechial hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, corneal opacities (blue eye) |
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Term
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Dx |
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Definition
| CBC - thrombocytopenia, increased ALT, serum titer |
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Term
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Tx |
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Definition
| supportive therapy, force feed, blood transfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| A common hepatobiliary disorder in cats. Bile duct and liver inflammation, commonly see pancreatitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, wt. loss, fever, icterus, hepatomegaly |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased ALT/ALKP, normal to increased Bile acids, hypoalbuminemia, decreased BUN |
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Term
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Definition
| long term antibiotics, ursodeoxycholic acid, prednisone, fluids, nutritional support, vitamin therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| The m.c. hepatopathy in cats, occurs in adult, obese cats, stress often triggers, occurs d.t. accumulation of fat withn the hepatocyte, results in hepatic failure, can be caused by prolonged caloric restriction in obese cats |
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Term
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Definition
| Anorexia, obesity, wt. loss of >25% of body weight, depression, icterus, hepatomegaly, salivation, pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased ALT/ALKP/Bilirubin/Bile acids, hypoalbuminemia, rads, ultrasounds, liver biopsy |
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Term
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Definition
| Often it is reversible, fluids and electrolyte therapy, aggressive nutrional support, high protein/caloric dense diet, antiemetics, diazepam/metoclopramide to stimulate appetite |
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