Term
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Definition
| In the bone marrow. Also in spleen, liver, and lymphnodes if bone marrow is unable |
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Term
| What is the process of making red blood cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte in a cat? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte in a dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally RBC production, equals the loss. If the loss is greater than the production what do we have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
| When bone marrow responds to the need for RBC's and releases them into the blood. |
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Term
| What is non-regenerative anemia? |
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Definition
| When the bone marrow does not respond to the need for RBC's |
|
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Term
| Where does breakdown of RBC's occur? |
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Definition
| the reticuloendothelial system-part of the immune system. |
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Term
| What detects old RBC's and destroys them? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin breaks down to..... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when bilirubin is increased in the blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| During erythropoiesis, what happens to the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
| It changes from blue to orange because of increase in hemoglobin |
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Term
| During erythropoiesis what happens to the nucleus and chromatin? |
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Definition
| Nucleus becomes smaller and chromatin more aggregated |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of RBC production? |
|
Definition
| rubriblast-prorubricyte-rubricyte-metarubricyte-polychromatophil-mature RBC |
|
|
Term
| How many RBC's does a rubriblast make? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long does it take to create a RBC? |
|
Definition
| 5 days. They are then released into cirulation within a few days |
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|
Term
| What are 3 ways to analyze RBC's? |
|
Definition
-PCV
-Morphology
-Red cell indices |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal PCV value for a dog? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal PCV value for a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal PCV value for a horse? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal PCV value for a cow? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we look for when examining RBC morphology? |
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Definition
| pattern, size, color, shape and inclusions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clumping of RBC's in the monolayer |
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Term
|
Definition
Stacking of RBC's like coins
Looks similar to agglutination
Normal in horses |
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|
Term
| How can you differentiate between agglutination and rouleaux? |
|
Definition
| Add a drop of saline to fresh blood. Rouleax will dissipate, agglutination will stay clumped |
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|
Term
| In what animal are RBC's the smallest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals are RBC's the biggest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IS Mean corpuscular volume? |
|
Definition
| the average volume of an RBC, which is usually determined by automated counters |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal is anisocytoss normal in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color are mature RBC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do immature cells stain purple? |
|
Definition
| Because they have residual endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Variation in RBC color from blue to red |
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Term
|
Definition
| When there is a large pale area in the center of an RBC due to decreased hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| What are some species variations in RBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are camelid RBC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about deer RBC's? |
|
Definition
| They turn sickle when they come in contact with oxygen! |
|
|
Term
| What is different about avian RBC's? |
|
Definition
| They are oval and NUCLEATED |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of poikilocytes? (There are at least 6!) |
|
Definition
-Schistocytes
-acanthocytes (spur cells)
-echinocytes (burr cells)
-spherocytes
-leptocytes (target cells and stomatocytes
-keratocytes (blister cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBC fragments. They are a sign of IV trauma, and are seen in disseminated neoplasms and iron deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do acanthocytes look like? |
|
Definition
| They have 2 or more uneven projections that look like sharply pointed bent spicules. |
|
|
Term
| what are acanthocytes associated with? |
|
Definition
| Liver disease, hemangiosarcomam hyperlipidosis. Could also be artifacts |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do echinocytes look like? |
|
Definition
| Echidnas....just kidding, but really they kinda do. They are spiculated cells with evenly distributed projections from the cell surface |
|
|
Term
| What are echinocytes associated with? |
|
Definition
| Crenation, and sometimes seen in renal disease, and lymphsarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What can cause crenation? |
|
Definition
| Drying slide too slow, or not making a smear soon enough (old cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller RBC's that are more densely colored and lack central pallor |
|
|
Term
| What are spherocytes seen in? |
|
Definition
| IMHA-Immune mediated hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Why is it harder to diagnose this in other species than dogs? |
|
Definition
| Because dogs are the only ones who have RBC's with central pallor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This cells with increased membrane to volume ratio. May be target cells, folded cells, or stomatocytes and can also be artifacts. go figure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBC's with oval shaped areas of central pallor that resemble a mouth. |
|
|
Term
| When are stomatocytes seen? |
|
Definition
| With membrane defects, and stomatocytosis of malamutes and schnauzers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blister cell. May be due to IV trauma. Look like little U shaped chucks taken out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are some RBC incusions? |
|
Definition
-Viral
-Howell Jolly bodies
-Heinz bodies
-Basophilic stippling
-REticulocytes
-metarubricytes
-artifacts
-parasites |
|
|
Term
| Where can Canine Distemper Inclusions be seen? |
|
Definition
| RBC's, WBC's, and squamous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, dark purple dot. Size varies and these are not common |
|
|
Term
| What are howell jolly bodies? |
|
Definition
| A nuclear remnant commonly seen in young cells. They have a blue dot anywhere in cell so dont confuse with a parasite |
|
|
Term
| What species are Howell Jolly bodies most common in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bleb on a RBC due to denatured hemoglobin. They are common in cats |
|
|
Term
| What can cause Heinz bodies to appear on cells? |
|
Definition
| Onion/garlic, propofol, propylene glycol, NMB, and acetaminopphin |
|
|
Term
| What is basophilip stippling? |
|
Definition
| Multiple small blue dots in RBC's stained with diff quik. Common in immature RBC's of ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What is basophilic stippling associated with? |
|
Definition
| regenerative anemia, and sometimes lead poisoning in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the reticulum stains blue with NMB, they are increased in responsive anemias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleated RBC's (nRBC's) Cytoplasm color varies from blue to red. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seen in responsive anemias |
|
|
Term
| What was mycoplasma haemofelis formerly known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mycoplasma haemofelis? |
|
Definition
| Parasite that shows up as small blue dots on edge of cell. Often see more than one |
|
|
Term
| What does mycoplasma haemofelis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mycoplasma haemoCANIS? |
|
Definition
| Much rarer parasite in dogs. there is a 30-87% infection rate for kennel raised dogs. Also seen in splenectomized dogs |
|
|
Term
| What does mycoplasma haemoCANIS look like? |
|
Definition
| Little chains within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasite seen in cattle and with anaplasmosis. Blue dot on the edge of cell and it is carried by ticks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasite with various blue structures on the edge of RBC. Seen in swine, sheep and cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protozoan seen in dogs, cattle, and horses that is carried by ticks. They are clumped in the middle of cell |
|
|
Term
| What does babesia canis look like? |
|
Definition
| It is a large organism that are often in pairs, and are pear-shaped |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular parasites seen on smears? |
|
Definition
| heartworm microfilaria and trypanosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large extra-cellular parasites that affect many species, and are carried by biting insects. Rarely seen in US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of functional RBC's or a low PCV |
|
|
Term
| How do we evaluate anemia? |
|
Definition
-Perform PCV, RBC count and Hemoglobin
-Examine RBC morphology
-perform reticulocyte count
-bone marrow exam |
|
|
Term
| What are the RBC indices? |
|
Definition
| Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| Measurement of the average weight of Hb in an RBC |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration? |
|
Definition
| The average concentration of hemoglobin in an RBC. can be normochromic or hypochromic. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reticulocyte count for? |
|
Definition
| To look for increase in dogs and cats, the presence in ruminants, and they are never seen in horses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important reason to do a reticulocyte count? |
|
Definition
| If the animal is anemic, to check if the bone marrow is responding or not |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of reticulocyte counts? |
|
Definition
| Observed, corrected, and absolute. |
|
|
Term
| I didnt put any of the math on these cards but it works similarly to how The WBC counts work |
|
Definition
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