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Vet 115
RBCs
49
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
02/07/2011

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Term
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Definition
Acanthocytes

Spur cells
Uneven rbc projections
Seen in liver disease, hemangiosarcoma
Also see in hyperlipidosis
May be artifacts
Term
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Definition
Agglutination

Clumping of rbcs
Confused with rouleaux
Seen in IMHA
May need to dilute in saline or plasma
Term
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Definition
Anaplasma

Seen in cattle
Anaplasmosis
Blue dot on edge of rbc
Carried by ticks
Term
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Definition
Anisocytosis

Variation in size of rbcs
Normal in cow
Increase in responsive anemias
due to younger rbc’s
Term
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Definition
Babesia

Species seen in dogs, cattle, horses
Carried by ticks
Large organisms
Often in pairs pear-shaped
Term
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Definition
Basophilic stipling

Blue dots in rbcs stained w/ DQ
Associated w/ lead poisoning
especially if see nucleated rbc’s
Term
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Definition
Basophilic stipling

Blue dots in rbcs stained w/ DQ
Associated w/ lead poisoning
especially if see nucleated rbc’s
Term
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Definition
Camelid rbcs

Alpacas have oval rbcs
Term
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Definition
Canine distemper inclusions

May see in rbcs, wbcs, squamous cells
Size varies cell to cell
Term
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Definition
Deer rbcs

May see in rbcs, wbcs, squamous cells
Size varies cell to cell
Term
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Definition
Echinocytes

Burr cells
Spiculated cells
Even projections from rbc surface
May be artifact
Seen in renal disease, lympho, others
Term
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Definition
Eperythrozoan

Seen in swine, sheep, cattle
Various blue structures on edge of rbc
Term
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Definition
Erythrocyte

Non-nucleated
Spherical
Stain red
Central pallor in the dog
Most numerous
Use as a ruler
Made in marrow
Term
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Definition
Heinz body
(stained with NMB)
Denatured HbG
Common in cats
Abnormal in others
Refractile w/ DQ
Bleb on rbc edge
Blue w/ NMB
Term
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Definition
Heinz body

Denatured HbG
Common in cats
Abnormal in others
Refractile w/ DQ
Bleb on rbc edge
Blue w/ NMB
Term
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Definition
Howell Jolly body

Nuclear remnant
One per cell
In younger cells
Blue dot (anywhere in cell)
Don’t confuse with parasites
Term
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Definition
Hypochromia

Large pale area in center of rbc
Due to lack of hemoglobin
low iron
blood loss
Term
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Definition
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Term
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Definition
Microfilaria
Term
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Definition
Mycoplasma haemocanis

Was Hemobartonella canis
Appears as M. haemofelis
Much rarer
Seen in splenectomized dogs
Term
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Definition
Mycoplasma haemofelis

Small blue dot on edge of rbc
Often see > 1/ cell
Removed by macrophages
Cause feline infectious anemia
Term
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Definition
Mycoplasma sp.
Term
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Definition
Nucleated rbcs

Metarubricytes
Seen in responsive anemias
Cytoplasm varies from blue to red
May see in normal animals
Term
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Definition
Nucleated rbcs

Metarubricytes
Seen in responsive anemias
Cytoplasm varies from blue to red
May see in normal animals
Term
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Definition
Polychromasia

Variation in rbc color from blue to red
See in responsive anemia
Term
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Definition
Punched out rbc’s -
drying artifact
Term
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Definition
Refractile artifacts
Term
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Definition
Reticulocytes

Reticulum stains w/ NMB
1% WNL in dogs
In cats count aggregate ones
High in responsive anemias
Term
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Definition
Rouleaux

Stacking of rbcs
Normal in horse
Increases in some diseases
Term
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Definition
Schistocytes
AKA Schizocytes

RBC fragments
Sign of IV trauma
Seen in DIC
& in vascular neoplasms, Fe deficiency
Term
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Definition
Sickle cell anemia
Term
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Definition
Spherocytes

Seen in IMHA
Hard to tell in species other than dogs
Smaller rbcs
Denser staining
Term
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Definition
Stain precipitate
Term
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Definition
Target cells
Term
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Definition
Trypanosomes

Many species
Affect many animals
Rare in U.S.
Carried by biting insects
Large extra-cellular parasite
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
Made in bone marrow in adult
can occur in spleen, nodes, liver
Size varies with species
smallest in goats (~3 microns)
largest in dogs (~7 microns)
Life span varies- RE cells remove
110 days in dogs, 70 days in cats
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
Contain hemoglobin
respiratory pigment-causes red color
carries oxygen
Normally production = loss
if loss > production  anemia
Anemia a sign in many diseases
appearance provides info on cause
Term
RBC Breakdown
Definition
Occurs in in RE system
Hemoglobin breaks down to…
globin- reused
iron- reused
unconjugated bilirubin- to liver
Term
To Evaluate RBCs
Definition
BC count & hemoglobin
useful to calculate indices
MCV & MCHC
ErythPCV most accurate test
Rrocyte morphology
Reticulocyte count (in anemia)
responsive vs. non-responsive
Term
Normal PCV Values
Definition
Varies with laboratory
Dogs- 37-55%, mean 45%
Cats- 30-45%, mean 37%
Horse- 32-57%, mean 42%
Cow- 24-42%, mean 34%
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
From juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney
Released when oxygen levels drop
Stimulates bone marrow to release rbcs and increase production
If occurs than responsive anemia
aka regenerative anemia
Term
RBC Production
Definition
One rubriblast makes 16 rbcs
Takes at least 7 days before release
Mitosis stops at rubricyte stage
Mature to metarubricyte
Then to polychromatophil
reticulocyte
Then to mature rbc
Term
How to Correct the wbc count
Definition
Nrbcs counted as leukocytes
If present must correct count
add nrbcs to diff (#/100 wbcs)
(100 wbcs/100 + # nrbcs) X count
Assume 30,000 count & 36 nrbcs
i.e. 100/100 + 36= 100/136 x 30,000= 22,058 corrected count
Term
Blood Parasites
Definition
Intra & extra cellular ones exist
Most are bacteria or protozoa
Require some intermediate host
Vary from blue dots to larger organisms with visible nuclei
Produce responsive anemias
Direct visualization is diagnostic
Term
Anemia Evaluation
Definition
PCV, rbc count, HbG
calculate indices
RBC morphology
Reticulocyte count
looking for increase in dogs/cats
presence in ruminants
Bone marrow exam
Term
Reticulocyte count
Definition
Mix blood with NMB (1:1)
Let sit 10 minutes
Make smear
Count retics per 1,000 rbcs
divide by 10 to get %
Calculate reticulocyte count (%)
if count 56 retics, then 5.6 %
Term
Corrected retic count
Definition
Must correct for the fewer mature rbcs in anemic animal
Multiply observed retic count times observed PCV/normal PCV
i.e. 5.6 % x 20/45 = 2.4%
corrected lower than observed
use PCV = 45 in dog, 35 in cat
Term
Absolute retic count
Definition
Multiply corrected retic count by the erythrocyte count
If corrected retics = 2.4%
and if 3,500,000 rbcs/l, then…
0.024 x 3,500,000 = 84,000 retics/l
increased if above normal
Term
Erythrocyte indices
Definition
Mean corpuscular volume- MCV
average size of rbc
if > normal- macrocytosis
if < normal- microcytosis
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration- MCHC
average HbG in rbc
Hypochromia or normochromia
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