Term
| 4 Syapomorphies of Phylum Chordata |
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Definition
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal Nerve Chord
3. Postanal Tail
4. Pharyngeal Slits w/ Endostyle |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tunicates (Urochordata)
2. Lancelets (Cephalochordata)
3. Vertebrates (Vertebrata) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Vertebrate Characteristics |
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Definition
1. Cranium
2. Vertebral Column
3. Triploblastic w/ Neural Crest
4. Hox Genes |
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Term
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Definition
Increased body size, activity level, food requirements
More advanced endoskeleton, nervous system, excretory system, sensory organs
Closed circulatory system
Paired appendages |
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Term
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Definition
Hagfish
Deep sea, lack paired fins, one nostril |
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Term
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Definition
Lamprey
No paired fins, one nostril, ectoparasite, conservation disaster |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammocoete: lamprey larvae |
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Term
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Definition
Conodonta
Mineralized elements in "teeth" fossilized, used to date nearby fossils
Extinct Jawless |
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Term
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Definition
Ostracoderms
Dermal bone armor, earliest pectoral fins, diverse large predators
Extinct jawless |
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Term
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Definition
Placoderm
Big armored fish
Extinct jawed fish
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Term
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Definition
Acanthodian
Spiny pelagic shark
Extinct jawed fish |
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Term
| Life in Water: Affect on Size |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
streamlined, fusiform
related to viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
Swim bladder
Liver
Fin shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes acid, acidifies blood making it release oxygen (bohr/root effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of capillaries in gills, high surface area |
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Term
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Definition
Gulp and burp air
Ancestral "pneumatic duct" between gas bladder and gut |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissolve air from blood, finer buoyancy control |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish, high water, very damaging to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Land animals, less toxic but requires more energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Birds and reptiles, low water, super costly to make, paste-like |
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Term
| Marine Bony Fish Osmoregulation |
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Definition
| Drink seawater, concentrated urine |
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Term
| Freshwater Bony Fish Osmoregulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow salinity tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lens does more, different shape |
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Term
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Definition
High rod density
Better grey-scale vision, contrasting colors |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuromast cells w/ gelatinous dome and hairs |
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Term
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Definition
| Electric detection, sharks |
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Term
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Definition
Signalling and navigation
Knifefish |
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Term
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Definition
Pulse to stun prey
Electric eel |
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Term
| 3 Chondrichthyes Synapomorphies |
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Definition
1. Cartiledge
2. Placcoid scales (denticles)
3. Pelvic claspers in males (internal fert) |
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Term
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Definition
Stem chondrichthyes
Extinct, most ancient, different tail
Nuncal spine on males over head, unique teeth |
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Term
| 2 Branches of Modern Chondrichthyes |
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Definition
| Holochephali and Elasmobranchi |
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Term
| Modern Elasmobranchs are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Neoselachii |
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Definition
| Heterocercal tail, heterodont dentition, subterminal mouth with big snout, bigger olfactory lobe in brain |
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Term
| Evolutionary trends in chondrichthyes |
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Definition
| heterocercal tail, more maneuverable elements, more subterminal/protrusible mouth w/ replaceable teeth |
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Term
| older shark lineage, no anal fin, deeper, colder water |
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Definition
Squaloid sharks
Greenland shark, saw shark |
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Term
| Large, shallow, fast swimming sharks |
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Definition
Galeoid sharks
Tiger, great white, basking shark |
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Term
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Definition
1. Smell (ammonia, blood, easy meal, 1ppb)
2. Lateral lines (strange noises, irregular movements)
3. Vision (low light, contrasting colors)
4. Ampullae of lorenzini (roll back eyes, sense electrical impulses from muscle contractions) |
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Term
Inferior mouth for suction feeding
Enlarged pectoral fins for locomotion
Spiracles for benthic respiration |
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Definition
Batoids
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii/Neoselachii |
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Term
long time to reach sexual maturity
release few eggs/offspring (low fecundity)
utilize estuaries as nursery grounds
top predators, naturally low population size (internal fertilization) |
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Definition
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