Term
| What is the intima? Its function? |
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Definition
| Arterial endothelium. Functions to block large molecules from entering/exiting, resists leukocyte adhesion, resists thrombosis, promotes vasodilation. |
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Term
| What is the media? Its function? |
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Definition
| Elastin fibers (inner and outer laminae), smooth muscle, extracellular matrix. Function in contractile and elastic function of vessel. Elastic function is more apparent in large arteries (i.e. aorta, pulm. artery). Muscular layer is biggest in muscular arteries (mid-sized). Muscle cells produce ECM and inflammatory mediators. |
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Term
| What is the adventitia? Its function? |
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Definition
| Longitudinally-arranged connective tissue. Nerves, lymphatics, vasa vasorum (blood supply to vessels). |
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Term
| What are 3 agents of arteriosclerosis and what is the specific type of arteriosclerosis identified with each agent called? |
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Definition
1. Hypertension causes hyaline arteriosclerosis (protein leakage) or hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (smooth muscle proliferation).
2. Persistent hypercalcemia, inflammation, or old age (in humans, not other animals) cause medial arteriosclerosis (calcification of tunica media).
3. Intimal lesions due to chronic injury and accumulation of lipids in the vessel wall cause atherosclerosis: uncommon in most non-human animals but seen in captive birds (high-fat seed diet), pigs, rats (experimentally induced), goats (?) |
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Term
| What is an aneurysm? False aneurysm? |
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Definition
A focal abnormal dilation of a vessel wall.
False aneurysm is when bulge is from hematoma in the vessel wall. |
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Term
| Does the presence of perivascular inflammatory cells mean vasculitis is present? |
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Definition
| No, since the inflammatory cells can't be proven to be targeting the vessel itself. |
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Term
| What are the signs of vasculitis? |
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Definition
Presence of fibrin in and around vessels.
Necrosis of endothelial and stromal cells.
Collagen degeneration. |
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Term
| What are 5 viruses known to cause vasculitis? |
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Definition
FIP (mutated feline enteric coronavirus): Granulomatous inflammation on serosal surfaces, eye, CNS are common sites.
Equine Arteritis Virus (arteriviridae)
African Horse Sickness (Reoviridae)
African Swine Fever (Asfarviridae)
Hog Cholera (Pestivirus, Flaviviridae. DDx Af. Swine Fever) |
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Term
| What is polyarteritis nodosa? |
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Definition
| Descriptive term for segmental pattern of necrosis and inflammation in small to medium arteries. May be subclinical. Probably autoimmune in nature. |
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Term
| What are some bacterial agents causing vasculitis? |
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Definition
Rocky Mountain Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii: vessel inflammation in brain)
Heartwater (Rickettsia in ruminants)
Hepatic abscesses (due to, say Clostridium novyi or other?) |
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Term
| Fungal agents of vasculitis? |
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Definition
Mycotic rumenitis, gutteral pouch mycosis.
Cause vascular necrosis and thrombosis.
Hyphae seen on silver stain. |
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Term
| Parasitic agents of vasculitis? |
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Definition
Strongylus vulgaris (lesions commonly located in cranial mesenteric and ileocecal arteries; intimal changes and aneurysm -> ischemic injury to intestines)
Elaeophora, Oncocerca
Schistosomiasis (trematodes)
Dirofilaria immitis |
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Term
| How does altitude cause arterial disease in cattle and pigs? |
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Definition
| Decreased O2 tension results in pulmonary arterial constriction and hypertrophy, which leads to hypertension. |
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Term
| What can cause vessel mineralization? In what species are small mineralized bodies normal in the vasculature? |
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Definition
Vit. D toxicity leading to hypercalcemia (esp. in rabbits)
Feed mixing errors (hypercalcemia)
Johne's Dz (granulomatous reaction ->high Ca, PO4)
Renal failure, uremia
In horses, small mineralizations are incidental. |
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Term
| Copper deficiency in swine can cause.....? |
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Definition
| Degenerative changes in aorta (Cu is a part of lysyl oxidase which links collagen and elastin) |
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Term
| What is telangiectasia? What is clinical significance? In what species is it seen? |
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Definition
| Small, multifocal blood-filled plaques in liver (subcapsular) due to dilation of sinusoids. Clinically insignificant. Cats and cattle. |
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Term
| What are endothelial neoplasms? |
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Definition
Hemangiomas/hamartomas (benign; in dermis/subcutis; well-demarcated, regular vascular spaces)
Hemangiosarcoma (cutaneous OR visceral)
Lymphangiosarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Small abnormal connection btw. A and V bypassing capillary bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypercoagulability, stasis and endothelial activation |
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Term
| What's the difference btw. acute and organized thrombi? |
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Definition
| The lamellar quality of the acute thrombus vs. the cellularity of the organized one. Time frame: a week onwards to organization. |
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Term
| What controls the tone of the vascular smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
| Endothelial cells, by releasing various relaxing and contracting factors and by interacting directly with the vascular smooth muscle cells beneath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horses most commonly reported, esp in stallions. Tear at the base of the aorta with subsequent hemopericardium. Pathogenesis not understood, trauma may be part of the problem. |
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Term
| What does Edema Disease have to do with cardio pathophys? |
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Definition
| E.Coli infection, bacteria contain Shiga like toxin that causes vascular necrosis with subsequent edema. CNS and mesentery commonly affected among other organs. |
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Term
| What is lymphangitis? Examples of causative agents in 2 species? |
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Definition
Granulomatous inflammation of lymphatics.
Oesophagostamum, chimp
Johne’s disease, bovine |
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Term
| Sites of predilection for hemangiosarcoma? |
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Definition
Most common sites: Spleen, right auricle, liver. Can be retroperitoneal as well. Widespread metastasis to many organs: CNS, skin, lung, intestines
Mainly seen in large breed dogs. |
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