Term
What was different about the american electorate during the 1820's
How americans generally regarded political parties by the 1830's
What does the spoils system refer to |
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Definition
Laws were expanded from only adult white male property owners to adult white males.
Fully formed two party system began to operate. People were accepting of parties by this point.
To the victor go the spoils. The one who wins the election gets the right to appoint their own followers to public offic. |
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Term
What president andrew jackson believed about the power of the federal government.
What was the doctrine of nullification that john C Calhoun articulated in his tract The south carolina exposition and protest.
How did andrew jackson respond to south carolina's claimed right of nullification in 1833? |
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Definition
power rests with the people?
Stats were the final arbiters of the consitutionality of unconstitutional law. They could declare a federal law null. gained him enemies.
He called it treason, Henry clay averted crisis, lowered tariff, passed the force bill.
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Term
What did daniel webster believe was being attacked by rober hayne in the 1830 webster-hayne debate?
The primary goal of the US's policy toward indians in the early 1800's?
What was the black hawk war and what was particularly notable about american military behavior? |
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Definition
the integrity of the union
Removal- make them move west past the mississippi.
War with the indians under black hawk in Illinois. The american's were especially violent and set out to exterminate the indians even when they surrendered.
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Term
What did president jackson do in response to the supreme court decision in cherokee nation v Georgia and Worcester v Georgia?
Which of the five tribes best resisted the presures of removal?
The results of the US govt's indian policy in the 1830's and 1840's? |
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Definition
Jackson did not respect the decision, it was not enforced and a "treaty" was made with a minority faction of the cherokees.
The seminole indians with the help of escaped black slaves fought a war to stay where they were. Their leader died, most of them died but they never completely left.
almost all of the indian settlements east of the mississippi were driven west |
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Term
Why president andrew jackson veto a federal subsidy to the proposed maysville road.
How well nicholas biddle governed the bank of the US in the 1820's
In 1832 henry clay sought to do what in usding the debate over the bank of the US? |
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Definition
Believed it unconstitutional because its not interstate commerce, committed the govt to extravagant expenditures.
Made the bank prosperous and sound. Andrew jackson wanted to destroy it. Biddle tried to befriend and help influential individuals so they could help.
Clay hoped to use the issue of the National bank to win the presidency, but lost |
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Term
When was the bank charter due to expire?
What did jackson due to weaken the bank?
What were the consequences of the bank's demise?
The supremem court ruling in Charles River Bridge v warren bridge |
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Definition
Would expire in 1836 but they pushed him to apply to renew in 1832 to help sway the election
Vetoed the bill to renew, Removed the govt's deposits from the bank,
The country was left with a fragmented and chronically unstable banking system that would plague the economy
Basically did the opposite of dartmouth case. Said states had the right to amend or abrogate a contract
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Term
Who were the so-called locofocos of the 1830's?
What was the political philosophy of the whigs, from where did they draw their greates support and how successful were they in uniting behind a strong national leader? |
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Definition
A small group of democrats that consisted of workingmen small businessmen and professionals in the northeast. Assault on monopoly and privilege
Favorded expanding the power of federal govt, encouraging industrial and commercial development. strongest among merchants and manufacturers, evangelical protestants, never had a single commander or leader. |
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Term
Why Martin Van Buren wont he presidency in 1836?
What was president andrew jackson's specie circular?
What was president martin van buren's subtreasury system? |
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Definition
Because the whigs were divided and ran multiple individuals while the democrats all supported van buren.
Provided that in payment for public lands the govt would accept only gold or silver coins or currency securely backed by gold or silver. Produced a financial panic.
Meant to replace the bank of the US. govt would place its funds in an independent treasury at washington and in subtreasuries elsewhere. |
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Term
The influence of the penny press in the presidential election campaign of 1840
What marked the presidency of john tyler even though he was a whig?
What was the 1842 webster-ashburton treaty? |
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Definition
allowed the candidates to reach a larger audience.
He was a former democrat and because Harrison died after taking office he put a lot of that into his policy
established a firm northern boundary between the US and Canada. |
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Term
| Reasons for the growth of the U.S. population between 1820 and 1840. |
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Definition
| -improvements in public health. Epidemics lessened. high birth rate. 6.14 children per white woman. To a lesser extent immigration contributed. |
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Term
| The two nations from which the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. came from ebtween 1840 and 1860. |
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Definition
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Term
| The "know-nothing" movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of what christian faith community? |
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Definition
| Roman catholics-> stemmed from irish catholics. |
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Term
| The name of the new political organization the "know-nothings" created after 1852. |
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Definition
| They turned their attention to politics and created the "american party" |
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Term
| The role played by railroad in the 1820's and 1830's, their expansion afterward and its consequences. |
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Definition
| In the 20's and the 30's the railroad was just being invented and it wasn't until 1830 that the first stretch of track was laid in the U.S. But by 1836 there was over 1000 miles of track in 11 states. Connected the country and made it much easier to transport goods between parts of the country. |
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Term
| The magnetic telegraph's importance for things like railroads and sectionalism. |
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Definition
| The telegraph was important in connecting the country throughout communication. It was essential for railroad coordination. And it played a role in dividing the north and the south as most telegraphs were connecting north to northwest. |
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Term
| Advances in journalism during the 1840's? |
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Definition
| Telegraph and the invention of the steam cylinder rotary press made it possible to rapidly collect and distribute news. Fed sectional discord, major newspapers rose in cities. |
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Term
| The aim of limited liability laws developed in the United states in the 1830's |
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Definition
| Individual scockholders risked losing only the value of their investment if a corporation should fail and were not liable for the corporations larger losses. Allowed for businesses to start more easily and to build more capital |
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Term
| The concentration of factories in the northeast us in the 1830's |
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Definition
| Most of the factories were in the northeast and were so large that the region produced mroe than two thirds of the nations manufactured goods. |
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Term
| The american factory worker's general background and gender in early nineteenth-century textile mills. |
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Definition
Initially there were two systems: one recruited families to work. parents children
The other recruited farm women to work for a while then returned to the farm to have children and families.
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Term
| What characterized the lowell factory system workers and their living arrangement when it began the increasing make-up of that work force into the 1840's |
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Definition
| Women, the factories were well kept and safe and the housing was nice. The wage was generous. It was ultimately a great gig and became too expensive to maintain and they declined in the 40's |
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Term
| The rise of the american factory system and its role in creating skilled working men's craft societies. |
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Definition
| Factories made craftmen worried that they would no longer be needed and so they joined together to form trade unions. |
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Term
| How the panic of 1837 affected the early union movement among skilled artisans. |
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Definition
| dramatic fanancial collapse that produced a severe recession, weakened the union movement. |
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Term
| The factors that inhibited the growth of labor unions. |
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Definition
| immigran laborers were willing to work for lower wages. Then the industrial capitalists had not oly economic but also political and social power and could usually triumph over even the most militant challenges. |
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Term
The results of the commercial and industrial growth in the Us prior to the 1860's
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Definition
| The development made the country significantly wealthier. Unequal wealth distribution. Some were wealthy and lived luxurious lifestyles while others had virtually nothing. |
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Term
| What marked the lives and freedoms of free blacks in most parts of the north before the civil war? |
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Definition
| Had access to the most menial jobs, which paid too little to support family or educate children. Could not vote. Could not attend public schools, could not use most public services. |
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Term
| Prior to the 1860's what was the extent or limitation of class conflict in the US. |
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Definition
| living standard of most laborers was improving. life was better for factory workers than it had been on farms or in europe. There was also social mobility. geographic mobility. Could move west. Were able to participate in politics. |
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Term
| How and why American middle-class families before 1860 became the most influential cultural form of urban america. |
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Definition
| The middle class was the fastest growing. Due to growth of industrial economy and thee increasing commercial life. Opened opportunities to own or work in businesses, own shops, trade, enter professions. household inventions helped with home-life. |
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Term
| What characterized american leisure activities prior to 1860 |
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Definition
| Few had leisure time in the mid-nineteenth century. Worked long das. Vacations were rare. Men went to taverns for drinking, talking and game playing. Women gathered in the home for conversation, cards games, or to share work. Reading rose. Public theaters. minstrel shows. |
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Term
| For most american farmers why they 1840's and the 1850's were a period of rising prosperity. |
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Definition
| As populations of nearby cities grew the farmers began producing food to feed them. Technologies such as the automatic reaper and the thresher made farming easier. |
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Term
| Prior to 1860, the cocial institution that most bound together rural americans. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reasons for the emergence of reform movements in America in the mid-nineteenth century. |
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Definition
America was changing rapidly, and many americans were excited about these changes but some blung to traditional values. This conflict led to reform movements. Two principles.
Optimistic faith in human nature and a belief that within every idividual resided a spirit that was basically good.
Second was a desire for order and control.
Slavery |
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Term
| Ramanticism's origins and meaning in the mid-nineteenth century. |
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Definition
| There was little respect for american arists and thinkers in europe. American intellectuals were commited to the liberation of the human spirit. |
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Term
| The general european attitude toward american art and literature in the mid-nineteenth century. |
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Definition
| Disrespect for american art and literature. "Who reads an american book? or goes to an american play? or looks at an american picture or statue?" No one... |
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Term
| The importance of what was emphasized int he work of Hudson River school of painters. |
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Definition
| Set out to capture the wonder of the american landscape. The uncultivated unchecked raw beauty and wonder of the countryside. They strived to show that there was wild nature still in america and thus it was better than europe which was played-out. |
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Term
| The key persons who helped create a distinct american literature. |
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Definition
James Fenimore Cooper: first great american novelist. 30 novels in 3 decades. master of adventure and suspense. Evocation of the american wilderness. The last of the mohicans.
Walt Whitman, poet. unrestrained celebration of democracy. Liberation of the individual. Pleasures of the flesh and spirit. Homosexual.
Herman Melville: greatest novelist of his era. Moby dick. human spirit was troubled. Bleak.
Edgar Allen Poe: sad macabre, world is a tragic place. |
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Term
| Through novels such as The last of the mohicans, James Fenimore cooper examined the significance of what? |
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Definition
| He examined the relationship of man to nature and with the challenges and dangers of american expansion westward. Including indians, pioneers, violence and the law. |
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Term
| What walt whitman celebrated with ideal in his literature? |
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Definition
| He celebrated democracy, the liberation of the individual and the pleasures of the flesh as well as the spirit. |
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Term
| What literary traditions, themes and topics did southern writers develop prior to the civil war? |
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Definition
Defining the nature of american society and of the american nation. Different images than northerners
historical romances or romantic eulogies of the plantation system. Defended southern institutions such as slavery.
On the other hand there were southern realists. |
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Term
| What were the beliefs of the transcendentalists, their key writers and the themes of their work? |
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Definition
Embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called reason and understanding. Communion with the natural world. Nationalist. Thoreau.
Individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to their own instincts. |
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Term
| The warning that often appeared int he writings of herman melville. |
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Definition
| The result of ahabs great quest was his own annihilation, reflecting melville's conviction that the human spirit was a troubled, often self destructive force. |
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Term
| The primary goal of the 1840's community experiment known as brook farm. |
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Definition
| Experiment in communal living, create a new form of social organization. All residents would share equally in the labor of the community. |
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Term
| The redefinition of gener roles that marked the experimental 1840's oneida community. |
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Definition
Everyone was married, freeing the women from constraints of family life. They were more or less free to do what they want with who they want. children were raised communally and protected women from unwanted childbearing.
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Term
| What in part were the motives behind shaker societies |
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Definition
Complete celibacy, no one could be born to shakerism. More women than men. Limited contact between men and women. sexual equality.
Trying to create a society separated and protected from the chaos and disorder that they believed had ccome to characterize american life as a whole. |
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Term
| What mormons believed about human anthropology. |
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Definition
| There was an ancient and successful tribe of isreal people in america. Civilization collapsed and god punished them by making their skin dark. These people became the american indians. |
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Term
| Nineteenth-century protestant revivalists, such as the new light revivalists, beliefs and various crusades. |
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Definition
| Every individual is capable of salvation. crusades against personal immorality. Temperance. |
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Term
| How the organized movement against drunkenness in the US linked alcohol, crime, and poverty in its crusade. |
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Definition
| said it was the main cause for crime disorder and poverty. Women were large supporters claiming that their husbands spent money on the alcohol then were more likely to abuse them and the children. |
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Term
| Charles G. Finney's theology of spiritual rebirth and salvation, his methods, and the success of his crusade during the second great awakening. |
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Definition
| traditional calvinist doctrines were obsolete and destructive. Each person contained within himself or herself the capacity to experience spiritual rebirth and salvation. Upstate newyork followed. people were uneasy about social changes and followed him. |
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Term
The various forms health reform took by the 1830's that expressed the search for individual and social well-being
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Definition
| City health boards. water cure. diets, phrenology, |
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Term
| The link Horace Mann made between education and the promotion of democracy. |
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Definition
| He said the only way to protect democracy was through elaborate education. |
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Term
| Prison reform ideas in the US prior to 1860. |
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Definition
Imprisonment of debtors and paupers disappeared. Jails were actually built. Prison discipline was designed to rid criminals of the laxness that led them astray. Solitary confinement and the imposition of silence on work crews.
This degenerated eventually. |
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Term
| The publically professed design for placing american indians on reservations in the first half of the nineteenth century. |
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Definition
| Move the remaining indian populations to reservations to both get them out of the way of white settlers and to protect them while they can assimilate. Learn the ways of civilization in a protected setting. |
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Term
| The 1840, london anti-slavery convention's role as a catalyst for an american feminist movement; and the 1848 seneca falls, New York convention on women's rights. |
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Definition
| Lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton were turned away by the men in charge of the convention and it angered them. Motivating them to first focus on rights for women. They organized the seneca falls convention to discuss women's rights. Declaration of sentiments. All men and women are created equal. |
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Term
| The american colonization society's creation and aim. |
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Definition
| Wanted to resettle african americans in africa or the caribean. Worked carefully to challenge slavery without challenging property rights or southern sensibilities. Gradual freeing of slaves with the owners recieving compensation. |
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Term
| What william lloyd garrison believed about the abolitionist movement and its strategies. |
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Definition
| Founded his own newpaper called the liberator. Talk about the damage done to africans not the slaveowners perspective. He was very outspoken and aggressive in his writings. |
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Term
| Who was frederick douglass and his contributions to the anti-slavery movement. |
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Definition
| African american abolitionist- one of the most electrifying orators of his time. Founded an antislaver newspaper. Wrote a biography. demanded freedom and equality. leader |
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Term
| The size of the abolitionist movement in the U.S. by the 1840's and what divided abolitionists in the 1830's and 1840's |
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Definition
| The extremist attitude of some members of the party, and the violence of anti-abolitionist. |
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Term
| The supreme court ruling in Prigg v PA |
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Definition
| Ruled that states need not aid in enforcing the 1793 law requiring the return of fugitive slaves to their owners. |
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Term
| What stands the liberty party took. |
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Definition
Free soil: keeping african americans out of the territories.
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Term
| The effect of uncle tom's cabin on the nation |
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Definition
| Sold more than 300k copies in a year. Angered people and grabbed them emotionally and threw them in support of the abolishionist movement. |
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