Term
| American Temperance Union |
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Definition
| The flagship of the temperance movement in the 1800's. Opposed alcohol. |
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| An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics |
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| invented Morse Code for the telegraph |
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| A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870 |
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| An agricultural system in which a tenant receives land, tools, and seed on credit and pledges in return a share of the crop to the creditor |
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| scarce money with high purchase value |
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| money adequately backed by capital assets or reserves |
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| plentiful or inflated money |
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| return of a portion of money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors |
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| no interference by the government in economic/business affairs |
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| return of a portion of the amount paid for goods and services |
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| economy that permits unrestricted business activity |
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| combination of corporations where stockholders trade their stock to a central board in exchange for trust certificates |
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| license that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use or sell an invention for a set period of time |
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| amount of goods and services created in a given period of time |
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| developed the first oil drilling system and struck oil in Pennsylvania |
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| inventor of phonograph, lightbulb, early recording devices |
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Term
| transcontinental Railroad |
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Definition
| railroad running across the entire continent; completed in 1869; ran from east coast to west coast; made transportation from place to place much faster and easier |
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| made the mass production of steel much easier and faster; invented by Henry Bessemer in 1856 |
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| production of large amounts of material |
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| policy that gives special consideration to women and members of minority groups to make up for past discrimination |
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| a boss' refusal to allow his employees to work unless they agree to his terms |
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Term
| Transportation Revolution |
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Definition
| By the 1850s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. It allowed goods to be moved in large quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked cities' economies together |
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| ships that used steam power to propel themselves; this made traveling by water much faster |
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| Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849 |
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| 1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery |
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| 1866, ratified 1868. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants |
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| Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage |
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| To bring charges against a public official |
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| The separation of blacks and whites, mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc |
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Definition
| Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink |
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Term
| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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Definition
| 1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs |
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| corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president. |
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| system of bribes and favors between private businesses and government agencies; let to the Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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| Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland |
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Definition
| Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party |
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Term
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| to bring goods into a country |
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| to sell goods outside of a country |
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Term
| Union Pacific Railroad, Central Pacific Railroad |
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Definition
| Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials |
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Definition
| The owners of big businesses who made large amounts of money by cheating the federal government |
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Definition
| Joined his brother William in the formation of the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and became very wealthy |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey |
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Definition
| Combination of corporations where stockholders trade their stock to a central board in exchange for trust certificates |
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Definition
| business tycoon; founded Carnegie Steel Company; philanthropist |
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Definition
| person who cares for the well-being and advancement of others by giving large monetary donations and doing charity work |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of every step of the manufacturing process for a single product, such as an auto maker that also owns its own steel mills, rubber plantations, and other companies that supply its parts. This allows the company to lower its costs of production and drive its competition out of business |
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| A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad |
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Definition
| owner of a large railroad company; oftentimes very wealthy men |
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Definition
| Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc |
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Definition
| Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies |
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Definition
| Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly |
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Term
| Interstate Commerce Act/Interstate Commerce Commission |
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Definition
| A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states |
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Term
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Definition
| Different railroad companies charged separate rates for hauling goods a long or short distance. The Interstate Commerce Act made it illegal to charge more per mile for a short haul than a long one |
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Term
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Definition
| 1890 - A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade |
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Definition
| An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883 |
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Term
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Definition
| President of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength |
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Term
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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Definition
| Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions |
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Term
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Definition
| Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions |
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Definition
| People refuse to buy a company's product until the company meets demands |
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Definition
| A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor |
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Definition
| A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses |
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Term
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Definition
| A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company |
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Term
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Definition
| July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men |
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Term
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Definition
| 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings |
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Definition
| The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of the Chicago police force headed by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pulman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. When orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft". |
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Term
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Definition
| Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded |
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Term
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Definition
| Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English |
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Term
| Chinese Exclusion Law 1882 |
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Definition
| Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less pay |
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Term
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Definition
| Immigrants were required to pass a literacy test in order to gain citizenship. Many immigrants were uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass. Meant to discourage immigration |
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Term
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Definition
| Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor |
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Term
| Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), The Gospel of Wealth |
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Definition
| Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society |
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Term
| Charles Darwin, Origin of Species |
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Definition
| Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation |
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Term
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Definition
| A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation |
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Definition
| 1862 - Set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges |
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Term
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Definition
| A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government |
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Term
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Definition
| A muckraker who designed the modern newspaper format (factual articles in one section, editorial and opinion articles in another section). |
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Term
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Definition
| Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War |
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Term
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Definition
| An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869 |
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Term
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Definition
| A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869 |
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Term
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Definition
| A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 |
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Term
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Definition
| A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics |
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Term
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) |
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Definition
| A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol |
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Term
| Carry A. Nation (1846-1901) |
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Definition
| A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet |
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Term
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Definition
| In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of an angry mob hanging a percieved criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be lynched by white mobs |
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Term
| Booker T. Washington (1857-1915), Tuskegee Institute |
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Definition
| An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute |
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Term
| W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963) |
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Definition
| A black orator and eassayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations |
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Term
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Definition
| separate but equal; Plessy was a black man who had been instructed by the NAACP to refuse to ride in the train car reserved for blacks. The NAACP hoped to force a court decision on segregation. However, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy and the NAACP, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality |
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Term
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Definition
| State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909 |
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Term
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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Definition
| Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration |
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Term
| Indian Appropriations Act |
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Definition
| The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and moved the Indians onto reservations |
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Term
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Definition
| Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses |
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Term
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Definition
| November 28, 1861 - Colonel Chivington and his troops killed 450 Indians in a friendly Cheyenne village in Colorado |
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Term
| Battle of the Little Big Horn |
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Definition
| General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse |
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Term
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Definition
| The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota |
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Term
| Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 |
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Definition
| it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators |
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Term
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Definition
| Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859 |
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Term
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Definition
| Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900 |
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Term
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act |
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Definition
| 1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the ecomony lead to a run on the ferderal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893 |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of two metals, gold and silver, for currency as America did with the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Ended in 1900 with the enactment of the Gold Standard Act |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful |
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Term
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Definition
| Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915). |
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Term
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Definition
| Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard |
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Term
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Definition
| You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." --William Jennings Bryan |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolf Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists |
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Term
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Definition
| February 15, 1898 - An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain |
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Term
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Definition
| By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports |
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Term
| Rough Riders, San Juan Hill |
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Definition
| 1898 - Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular |
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Term
| Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico |
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Definition
| The U.S. acquired these territories from Spain through the Treaty of Paris (1898), which ended the Spanish-American War |
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Term
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Definition
| equal trade opportunities to all nations, especially in China |
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Term
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Definition
| expanding a nation's wealth by taking over and controlling the politics and economics of smaller nations |
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Term
| Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy |
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Definition
| Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
| Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
| 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power |
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Term
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Definition
| Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 |
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Term
| Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives |
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Definition
| Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel |
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Term
| Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936), The Shame of the Cities |
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Definition
| A muckraker novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities |
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Term
| Ida Tarbell (1857-1944), History of the Standard Oil Company |
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Definition
| This 1904 book exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel |
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Term
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Definition
| author of "The Jungle"--a muckraker novel exposing the evils and disgusting practices of the meat packing industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s |
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Term
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Definition
| American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood |
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Term
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Definition
| people have the right to propose a new law |
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Term
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Definition
| a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto |
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Term
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Definition
| the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office |
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Term
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Definition
| authorized Congress to levy an income tax |
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Term
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Definition
| gave people the power to elect their senators |
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Term
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Definition
| prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages |
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Term
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Definition
| gave women the right to vote |
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Term
| Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire |
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Definition
| A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers |
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Term
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Definition
| National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Roosevelt used this term to declare that he would use his powers as president to safeguard the rights of the workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Nicknamed for Teddy Roosevelt, this is a federal official who seeks to dissolve monopolistic trusts through vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines |
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Term
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Definition
| Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA |
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Term
| Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925) |
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Definition
| A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid |
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Term
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Definition
| The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson |
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Term
| International Workers of the World (Wobblies) |
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Definition
| militant, radical union; favoed socialism and opposed free enterprise |
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Term
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Definition
| A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it more power against trusts and big business. It outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection |
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Term
| Triple Alliance; Central Powers |
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Definition
| Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente |
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Term
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Definition
| British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, but the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war. Germany promised to stop submarine warfare |
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Term
| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
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Definition
| This was the German practice of attacking any and all shipping to countries it was at war with. It annoyed neutral countries |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile |
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Term
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Definition
| Campaigns to get people to but government war bonds to finance the war, people traveled around America selling them and it was extremely successful in raising funds |
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Term
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Definition
| Black migration to northern cities from the south in order to find jobs in factories |
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Term
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Definition
| Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations |
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Term
| Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty |
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Definition
| The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court |
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Term
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Definition
| An Article 10 provision of the League charter, it stated that if one country was involved in a confrontation, other nations would support it. Collective security is agreements between countries for mutual defense and to discourage aggression. |
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| As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany |
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| In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S., and Americans feared Communism |
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Definition
| In January, 1920, Palmer raids in 33 cities broke into meeting halls and homes without warrants. 4,000 "Communists" were jailed, some were deported. |
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| Secretary of State Fall leased government land to oil companies. He was forced to resign due to the investigation and allegations of bribery. |
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| The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax |
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| Writer Gertrude Stein named the new literary movement when she told Hemingway, "You are all a lost generation," referring to the many restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WW I. Hemingway used the quote in The Sun Also Rises. They thought that the U.S. was materialistic and the criticized conformity |
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| Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities |
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| 1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism |
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Definition
| invented by Henry Ford as a method to manufacture products more quickly (for example, cars) |
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Definition
| first mass-produced and mass-marketed automobile |
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Definition
| 1920's - Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men |
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Definition
| development of an African-American literary and cultural revolution in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. |
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Definition
| Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations |
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Definition
| Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight |
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Term
| Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 |
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Definition
| "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless |
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Definition
| a period of great financial trouble in the United States; lasted from 1929 until the start of World War II |
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Definition
| October 29, 1929: date of the largest stock market crash in United States History |
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Definition
| Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there |
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Definition
| Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations |
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Term
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Definition
| Amendment passed to repeal the 18th amendment (re-legalizing alcohol) |
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Definition
| Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold |
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Term
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
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Definition
| Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps |
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Term
| Works Progress Administration (WPA), |
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Definition
| The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories |
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Term
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
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Definition
| A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Franklin Roosevelt's domestic policy to fix the Great Depression; involved putting the responsibility on the government--created jobs and funded federal programs |
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Definition
| area in the southern Great Plains that suffered from an extreme drought in the 1930s. Crops failed and dust storms were very common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farmers that moved out of the Dust Bowl in Oklahoma to California in search of better farmland. |
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Definition
| Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress. |
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Definition
| Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943 |
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Term
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Definition
| In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist agression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine agressor nations |
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Definition
| German facist dictator. Leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis. Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute dictator |
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Term
| Munich Conference, appeasement |
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Definition
| On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war |
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Definition
| Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany in September of 1939 |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany, Italy and Japan's alliance during WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| Alliance of USA, Soviet Union, France, Great Britian and China during WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| United States seperated itself from other nations by concentrating on domestic policy instead of foreign policy |
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Term
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Definition
| United States policy of lending and leasing war materials to the Allied nations so that the US didn't have to fight in WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II |
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Term
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Definition
| The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese living in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S |
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Term
| General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
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Definition
| Served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler's genocide of Jews during WWII; European Jews were sent to concentration camps and death camps as well as had medical experiments performed on them |
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Term
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Definition
| June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II |
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Term
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Definition
| The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses |
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Term
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Definition
| A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb |
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Term
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Definition
| A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives |
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Term
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Definition
| First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945 |
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Term
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Definition
| February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula |
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Term
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Definition
| July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| invisible line separating the communist countries from the non-communist countries of Europe; this term was coined by Winston Churcill in 1946 |
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Term
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Definition
| Dictator of the USSR during and after WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| The name give to the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. because of their dominance in the arms race and economic struggle for world power. Both countries had nuclear bombs by the late 1940's and 1950's. |
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Term
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Definition
| social theory advocating community control of the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| social system based on collective ownership of all productive property |
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Term
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Definition
| Eastern European countries conquered by the USSR during the Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
| stated that the US would support any nation threatened by Communism; began with $400 million of aid to Turkey and Greece |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism |
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Term
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Definition
| April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany |
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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Definition
| The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter |
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Term
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Definition
| After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
| Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for $64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation. |
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Term
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Definition
| October 14-28, 1962 - After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since blockades are a violation of international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granted $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society after demobilization |
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Term
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Definition
| 30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950 |
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Term
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Definition
| Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal. |
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Term
| Sen. Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957), McCarthyism |
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Definition
| Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. In 1953 became Chair of the Senate Sub- Committee on Investigations and accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited the number of terms in office that a president can serve to two terms. This was brought about because FDR was elected to four terms in office. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began federal funding for an interstate highway system, this was to increase mobility in the nation and to provide a method for quick evacuation if necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets |
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Term
| Military-Industrial Complex |
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Definition
| Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outright racial war broke out between Blacks and Whites and the government did not send help. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the end of WW II, Korea had been divided into a northern sector occupied by the U.S.S.R. and a southern sector occupied by the U.S. who instituted a democratic government. On June 25, 1950, the North invaded the South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily. |
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Term
| Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court. |
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Term
| Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott |
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Definition
| In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months |
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Term
| Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Definition
| An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room. |
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Term
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Definition
| Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class |
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Term
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Definition
| It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting. |
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Term
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Definition
| governments would require people to pay money to vote. This eliminated any voters that could not afford the tax, most often African Americans or other minorities. |
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Term
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Definition
| sit-ins, freedom rides, bus boycotts |
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Term
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Definition
| August, 1963--200,000 demonstrators gathered in Washington DC to listen to MLK Jr. give his famous "I have a Dream" speech |
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Term
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Definition
| One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965 |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. |
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Term
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Definition
| banned the poll tax; intended to remove barrierss to Black voters |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were regular troops |
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Term
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Definition
| French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem. |
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Term
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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Definition
| After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area that both militaries are required to stay out of in order to create a buffer between nations. In Vietnam, a five mile wide DMZ was established between the North and South along the 17th parallel. |
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Term
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Definition
| It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war. |
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Term
| Kent State and Jackson State |
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Definition
| Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War. Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory. |
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Term
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Definition
| An American unit destroyed the village of My Lai, killing many women and children. The incident was not revealed to the public until 20 months later. Lt. Calley, who led the patrol, was convicted of murder and sentenced to 10 years for killing 20 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, it was an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reacting to Soviet nuclear tests, this treaty was signed on August 5, 1963 and prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted. It was signed by all major powers except France and China. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oswald shot Kennedy from a Dallas book depository building, and was later himself killed by Jack Ruby. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small army of anti-Castro Cuban exiles were trained and financed by the U.S. in the hope their invasion would lead to a popular uprising to overthrow the Communist government. The invasion force landed at the Bay of Pigs in Southern Cuba, but received no popular support and were quickly wiped out by Castro's forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kennedy abandoned Eisenhower's theory of massive nuclear war in favor of a military that could respond flexibly to any situation at any time, in different ways. |
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Term
| Cuban Missile Crisis, 1963 |
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Definition
| The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hippies who were unified by their rejection of traditional values and assumptions of Western society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enacted in 1965 - provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over. |
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Term
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Definition
| July 20, 1969 - Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon, beating the Communists in the moon race and fulfilling Kennedy's goal. Cost $24 billion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slogan which meant returning power to the states, reversing the flow of power and resources from states and communities to Washington, and start power and resources flowing back to people all over America. Involved a 5-year plan to distribute $30 billion of federal revenues to states. |
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Term
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Definition
Republican party operatives who had broken into the Democratic party facility at the Watergate Hotel convicted of burglary. Investigation of possible White House involvement disclosed existence of Nixon's tapes of meetings, but the President refused to turn over the tapes to Congress. Opposition to Nixon created unity in Congress that allowed passage of legislation Nixon had opposed.
Five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Two White House aides were indicted; they quit, Senate hearing began in May, 1973, Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary. In July, 1974, Nixon's impeachment began, so he resign with a disbarment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tapes which proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal. Although he withheld them at first, the Supreme Court made Nixon turn over these recordings of the plans for the cover-up of the scandal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| lowered voting age from 21 to 18 |
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Term
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Definition
| October 6, 1973 - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Moscow backed Egypt and both U.S. and U.S.S.R. put their armed forced on alert. In an attempt to pressure America into a pro-Arab stance, OPEC imposed an embargo on all oil to the U.S. |
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Term
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
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Definition
| An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed." |
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Term
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Definition
| During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth. |
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