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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| A member of the Virginia Council; his strong leadership from 1607 to 1609 probably saved the colony from collapse. |
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| A group of investors who joined their resources together to finance expeditions. |
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| Government by military force rather than by citizens. |
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| People who had their passage to America paid by a master or ship captain. They agreed to work for their master for a term of years, in exchange for cost of passage, bed and board, and small freedom dues when their terms were up. The number of years served depended on the terms of the contract. Most early settlers in the English colonies outside of New England arrived as indentured servants. |
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| Africans in Virginia 1619 |
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| A pious, sentimental term used by later generations to describe the settlers who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 and founded Plymouth Colony. |
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| Founded by Separatists in 1620, Plymouth was England's first permanent colony in New England. |
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| One of the most extreme English Protestant groups that were followers of John Calvin. They began to separate from the Church of England and form their own congregations. |
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| A term of abuse used by opponents to describe members of the Society of Friends, who believed that God, in the form of the Inner Light, was present in all humans. Friends were pacifists who rejected oaths, sacraments, and all set forms of religious worship. |
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| A theory that states God has decreed, even before he created the world, who will be save and who will be damned. |
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| A colony owned by an individual(s) who had vast discretionary powers over the colony. Maryland was the first proprietary colony, but others were founded later. |
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| . The governor and council were appointed by the Crown. |
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| An economic policy where nations define their wealth and power by their accumulation of gold, silver, and colonies and their establishment of a favorable balance of trade. |
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| Metacom (King Phillips War) |
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| The most serious challenge to royal authority in the English mainland colonies prior to 1775. It erupted in Virginia n 1676 after the the governor and Nathaniel Bacon, the principal rebel, could not agree on how to best wage war against the frontier Indians. |
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| About 150 people were accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts between March and September 1962. During the summer trials, 19 people were hanged and one was pressed to death after he refused to stand trial. All of those executed insisted they were innocent. Of the 50 who confessed, none was executed. |
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| The overthrow of King James II by Whigs and Tories, who invited William of Orange to England. William landed in November 1688, the army defected to him, James fled to France, and in early 1689, Parliament offered the throne to William and his wife Mary, a daughter of James. Contemporaries called the event "glorious" because almost no blood was shed in England. |
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| An immense religious revival that swept across the Protestant world in the 1730s and 1740s. |
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| A style of Christian ministry that includes much zeal and enthusiasm. Evangelical ministers emphasized personal conversion and faith rather than religious ritual. |
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| A society that determines inheritance based on the female or maternal line. |
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| A society that determines inheritance based on the male or paternal line. |
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| To grant the right to vote. |
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| Process of barring groups of adult citizens from voting. |
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| Passed by the administration of George Grenville in 1765, the Stamp Act imposed duties on most legal documents in the colonies and on newspapers and other publications. Massive colonial resistance to the act created a major imperial crisis. |
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| The colonial term for the confrontation between colonial protestors and British soldiers in front of the customs house on March 5, 1770. Five colonists were killed and six wounded. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| A document drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia; this document justified American independence to the world by affirming "that all men are created equal and have a natural right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The longest section of the Declaration condemned George III as a tyrant. |
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| Religious Sect: Methodists |
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| Religious Sect: Southern Baptists |
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| Religious Sect: Presbyterians |
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| Religious Sect: Evangelicals |
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| Religious groups that generally placed an emphasis on conversion of non-Christians. |
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| Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; the Book of Mormon is their Bible. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| Bodies formed on both the local and colonial levels that played an important role in exchanging ideas and information. They spread primarily anti-British material and were an important step in the first tentative unity of people in different colonies. |
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| The Shout Heard Around The World (Lexington and Concord) |
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| A term used by Americans to describe the 17,000 mercenary troops hired by Great Britain from various German states, especially Hesse. |
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| An uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787. They objected to high taxes and foreclosures for unpaid debts. Militia from eastern Massachusetts suppressed the rebels. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| Supporters of the Constitution during the the ratification process. Anti-Federalists resisted ratification. |
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| A legislature with only one chamber or house. |
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| A legislature with two houses or chambers. |
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| Secretary of the Treasury under Washington who organized the finances of the new government and led the partisan fight against the Democratic Republicans. |
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| First ten amendments to the Constitution, which protect the rights of individuals from abuses by the federal government. |
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| Person from another country who is living in the United States. |
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| Act of charging a public official with misconduct in office. |
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| Removal of sailors from American ships by British naval officers. |
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| Members of the 12th Congress, most of them young nationalists from southern and western areas, who promoted war with Britain. |
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| Supreme Court's power to rule on the contitutionality of congressional acts. |
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| Federal judicial officials appointed under the Judiciary Act of 1801, in the last days of John Adams' presidency. |
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| Social group that developed in the early 19th century comprised of urban and country merchants, master craftsmen who had turned themselves into manufacturers, and market-oriented farmers - small-scale entrepreneurs who rose from market society. |
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| Semitropical plant that produced white, fluffy fibers that could be made into textiles. |
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| The Connecticut-born tutor who invented the cotton gin. |
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| A farmer who owned his own farm. |
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| System under which farmers worked land that they did not own. |
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| Carefully planned but unsuccessful rebellion of slaves in Richmond, Virginia, and the surrounding area in 1800. |
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| Leader of a slave conspiracy in and around Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. |
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| Baptist lay preacher whose religious visions encouraged him to lead a slave revolt in southern Virginia in 1831 in which 55 whites were killed-more than any other American slave revolt. |
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| Poor New York farm boy whose visions led him to translate the Book of Mormon in late 1820s. He became the founder and the prophet of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). |
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| Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852, this sentimental novel told the story of the Christian slave Uncle Tom and became a best seller and the most powerful antislavery tract of the antebellum years. |
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| Indian Removal Act (1830) |
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| Legislation that offered the native peoples of the lower South the option of removal to federal lands west of the Mississippi. Those who did not take the offer were removed by force in 1838. |
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| President of the United States (1829-1837) who founded the Democratic Party, signed the Indian Removal Act, vetoed the Second Bank, and signed the Force Bill. |
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| Beginning in the late 1820s, John C. Callhoun and others argued that the Union was a voluntary compact between sovereign states, that states were the ultimate judges of the constitutionality of federal law, that states could nullify federal laws within their borders, and that they had the right to secede from the Union. |
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| System by which the victorious political party rewarded its supporters with government jobs. |
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| The act of appointing people to government jobs or awarding them government contracts, often based n political favoritism rather than on abilities. |
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| Program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements. |
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| Speaker of the House, senator from Kentucky, and National Republican presidential candidate who was the principal spokesman for the American System. |
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| Missouri slave who sued for freedom of prolonged residence in a free state and free territory; in 1857, the Supreme Court found against his case, declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. |
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| Foreign policy doctrine proposed by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1823 that denied the right of European powers to establish new colonies in the Americas while maintaining the United States' right to annex new territory. |
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| The belief that the United States was destined to grow from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the tropics. Providence supposedly intended for Americans to have this area for a great experiment in liberty. |
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