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| July 2 1776 - the day that the new Congress voted for independence, british redcoats landed on Staten Island across NY Harbor from Manhatten. |
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| had 32,000 men at his disposal including 9000 Hessians |
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| German soldiers hired by the British |
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Volunteer from England.
Wrote Common Sense, an inspiring pamphlet |
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Thomas Paine exhorted the defeated American's with the immortal line "these are the times that try men's souls"
Pamphlet helped restore shaken morale |
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| Christmas night 1776 American soldiers crossed the icy Delaware River to NJ. At dawn they surprised 1500 Hessians. |
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| the Americans repelled three regiments of redcoats before taking refuge in winter quarters in Morristown, NJ |
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| Washington learned that the only way to defeat the British was to avoid major battles and wear them down in a war of attrition and exhaustion. |
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United States
Planter Aristocrats |
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British Political party
Concentrated mainly in the seaport cities, but they came from all walks of life. |
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| War of Independence as a civil war |
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| divided families and communities and unleashed bloodcurdling atrocities in the backcountry of NY and PA and in GA where Tory militiamen and their Indian Allies went marauding against frontier Whigs. |
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| Colonies had required all adult males from 15-60 to enroll in their local militia company, attend monthly drills, and turn out on short notice emergencies. |
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| Home guard/ Agument Continentals |
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| American Militiamen served 2 purposed in the Revolution. Defending their community and they augmented the Continental Army. |
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| better trained and more motivated than the militias. |
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| to pay for the war Congress stated printed money |
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| brutally cold weather, inadequate food supply, and widespread disease. |
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| the threat of smallpox to the war effort was so great that in early 1777 Washington ordered a mass inoculation, where he managed to keep secret from British intelligence. |
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| proposed to bisect the colonies. His men would advance southward from Canada to the Hudson River while another force moved eastward from Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, down the Mohawk River valley in NY. |
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| At the same time, another British army would move against the Patriot capital. |
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Washington withdrew most of his men from NJ to meet the new threat.
At Brandywine Creek the British outmaneuvered and routed Washington's forces on Sept 11 and 15 days later the British occupied Philadelphia. |
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| Washington's army's winter living quarters. |
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| Burgoyne moved south from Canada toward Lake Champlain. Carrying 30 carts with his goods. |
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| American forces under Gates surrounded Burgoyne. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates. The victory at Saratoga proved critically important to the American cause. |
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| Two treaties. The first officially recognized the United States and offered trade concessions, including important privileges to American shipping. The second agreed, first that if France entered the war, both countries would fight until American independence was won, second, the neither would conclude a "truce or peace" without the consent of the other; and third that each guaranteed the other's possessions in America "from the present time and forever against all other powers." |
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| Spain and Dutch enter war |
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Spain entered as an ally of France.
Britain declared war on Dutch |
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| Intense suffering, lice, cold, hunger, disease. Lacked shoes and blankets. Horses died from starvation. More than 2500 soldiers died. |
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| replaced Howe. Pulled his troops out of Philadelphia and sent them to NY. |
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| took 175 frontiersmen on flatboats and on the evening of july 4th surprised the British at Kaskaskia. |
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Present day Indiana
Clark marched his troops here. |
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| American troops burnt 40 Indian villages. Destruction broke power of IC. |
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| British forces took over Savannah then headed toward Charleston |
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| British launched a massive assault against the Patriot defenders of Charleston. |
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| surrendered the city of Charleston and its 5500 soldiers. |
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| Gates sent his troops toward Camden. His and Cornwallis's troops clashed outside Camden and the American army was routed. |
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| Banastre Tarleton/Patrick Ferguson |
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| Bloody Tarleton ordered rebels killed after they surrendered. Mobilized local militiamen, overreached themselves in their effort to subdue the revolutionaries. |
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| Francis Marion - Swamp Fox |
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| American army joined guerrilla bands under such colorful partisan leaders as Francis Marion. |
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| Gen. Nathaneal Green - Fighting Quaker |
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| new commander for the southern theater. Lured Cornwallis taxing the British troops energy and supplies as they chased the Americans across the Carolinas. |
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| engage Tarleton's 1000 men at Cowpens |
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| Morgan and his men linked up with Greene's main force and the combined army offered battle at Guilford Courthouse.. Near what became Greensboro |
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| combined forces with Cornwallis |
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| Ended Arnold's plot against American forces. |
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| Cornwallis picked this spot because of the arrival of American reinforcements. |
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| "The World Turned Upside Down" |
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| War debts/loyalist property |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Central Gov't - Limited Authority |
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| Lowered property Qualifications |
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| African American soldiers and sailors |
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| Northern states - Emancipation |
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