Term
| Describe President James K. Polk |
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Definition
-1844, Presidential candidate who called for westward expansion
-considered American expansion as a means of creating and preserving a more powerful Union |
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Term
| Describe the Oregon Country |
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Definition
-British and US jointly controlled territory
-consisted of many mixed race families
-new settlers adopted policies that excluded non whites
-Oregon Treaty of 1846 established border between Canada and US at 49 parallel
-Oregon became state in 1859 |
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Term
| Describe the Nueces Strip |
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Definition
-disputed territory from Rio Grande and Nueces River
-led to Mexican American War |
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Term
| Describe the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
-1848, ended the Mexican American War
-threat of gaining all of Mexico brought Mexican gov't to the peace table
-Southern boundary of Texas was set at Rio Grande
-Present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming
-US agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay debts of Mexico to U.S. citizens |
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Term
| Describe General Winfield Scott |
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Definition
-lead the American forces to Veracruz
-captured Veracruz and drove forces towards Mexico City
-routed Santa Anna and seized Mexico City in 1847 |
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Term
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Definition
-General based at Corpus Christi and started Mexican War
-invaded Mexico and defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista |
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Term
| Describe the Ideology of Free Labor |
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Definition
-set of political principles evolved in the North
-the laborer worked hard and saved money to purchase own farm, shop, or factory
-this individual would hire his own free workers who could then do the same thing
-this could create both great national wealth and social mobility
-slavery in the south was an obstacle to this
-northerners wanted to block slavery from further expansion so it would die off |
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Term
| Describe The Wilmot Proviso |
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Definition
-1846, Congressman David Wilmot
-proposed legislature prohibiting territory gained from Mexican Cession
-turned down in Senate both times
-anti-slavery movement used this as their platform |
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Term
| Describe The California Gold Rush |
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Definition
-1848 gold was found in California
-led to massive immigration
-by 1852 CA had enough people to apply for statehood
-entered as free state
*set precedent for other western states
*angered Southern states |
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Term
| Describe the Compromise of 1850 |
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Definition
-drawn up by Henry Clay
1. CA would be free state
2. Utah and New Mex would determine slavery with popular sovereignty
3. Texas would give up rights to land for 10 mil
4. slave trade in Washington DC abolished
5. Fugitive Slave Act that imposed stricter regulations for runaway slaves
-Stephen Douglas pushed it through in Congress
-eventually would backfire because it just delayed more issues |
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Term
| Describe Uncle Tom's Cabin |
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Definition
-Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852
-book created stereotypes of both slaves and masters but demonstrated how slavery brutalized both races
-sold 1 million copies in first year
-Southerners work to ban the book in the slave states
*rallied Northern opinion against the South and slavery |
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Term
| Describe Popular Sovereignty |
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Definition
| the people in a given area vote to decide an issue |
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Term
| Describe “Bleeding Kansas” |
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Definition
-pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in Kansas violently clashed
-"border ruffians" from Mizz fought the emigrants from New England |
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Term
| Describe the Republican Party |
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Definition
-Kansas-Nebraska Act became catalyst for this new party
-1854, former Conscience Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats, and abolitionists met and formed Rep Party
-leaders were William H. Seward of New York and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio
-platform consisted of halting the expansion of slavery and the American System |
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Term
| Describe the Dred Scott Case |
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Definition
-1857
-Scott was a slave under an army doctor who died so he was passed down to the daughter
-Scott sued for his freedom
-the case would decide if slaves were citizens or property
-Chief Justice Taney ruled Scott was property and that the Mizz Compromise was unconstitutional
*Northerners were outraged |
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Term
| Describe John Brown and the Harper’s Ferry Raid |
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Definition
-Brown was a crazy man who believed he was called by God to abolish slavery
-planned to seize the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry
-raised the local slaves in revolt and began a race war
-Oct 16, 1859 seized the arsenal but local citizens trapped them
-US Marines killed some of Brown's followers and captured Brown
-tried and found guilty of treason
*Southerners seriously considered secession and militias began training and storing weapons |
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Term
| Describe the Election of 1860 |
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Definition
-Democrats split in Charleston at Democratic Convention
-Southern Dems nominated John Breckenridge
-Northern Dems nominated Stephen Douglas
-Republican Lincoln won
*most heated election in history |
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Term
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Definition
-President of Confederacy
-educated at West Point
-served as Sec of War under Pierce
-rigid and controlling and refused to negotiate |
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Term
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Definition
-located in Charleston, which had political and economic importance
-Lincoln ordered a ship with food and supplies but not arms to Ft Sumter
-on 12 April 1861 the first shots were fired
-After 30 hours, Major Robert Anderson resigned |
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Term
| Describe First Battle of Bull Run |
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Definition
-July 21, 1861
-Gen. Irvin McDowell led Union troops under pressure to attack Richmond
-Confeds started to retreat, but Stonewall Jackson made a stand until reinforcements come by train
-Union army fled back to DC
*Confeds win
*Casualties were shockingly high; both sides realized that it would be a long conflict |
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Term
| Describe the Battle of Shiloh |
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Definition
-April 6-7, 1862
-Johnston launched a surprise attack on Grant
-Grant rallied the army and the Union won the battle
-more Americans killed in this battle than previous wars combined
-Grant relieved on command and Union offensive came to a halt |
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Term
| Describe Revivals during the Civil War |
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Definition
-began in 1862 and intensified in 1863
-large amounts of men came to Christ
-singing, preaching, invitation for salvation, prayer
Causes: danger, near death experiences, provided change from monotony of camp, provide escape from defeat
-D.L. Moody
*many men came to Christ and changed the morale of the troops and encouraged many to perservere |
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Term
| Describe the Siege of Vicksburg |
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Definition
-Grant back in command
-Controlling Vicksburg would split Confederacy in half
-by April 1863, the city was under siege by Grant
-July 4, the city surrendered
*the entire Miss River Valley was in Union hands |
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Term
| Describe the Battle of Gettysburg |
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Definition
-July 1-3, 1863
-battle began as skirmish when Confeds ran into Union calvary
1st day: Confeds drove Union troops into the hills
2nd day: Lee launched several attacks on the flanks
3rd day: Pickett's charge led to complete defeat
4th day: Lee forced to retreat but Union was too battered to pursue
*first of 3 major defeats in 1863
*suffered major casualties that would disable the army from attacking a major invasion again
*first time the Union beat Lee |
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Term
| Describe The Gettysburg Address |
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Definition
-Nov, 1863 a cemetery was dedicated at Gettysburg
-Lincoln invited to give a few good words
-speech was designed to rally Northern opinion and remind them of what they were fighting for
-"govt of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth" |
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Term
| Describe the 1864 Campaigns |
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Definition
-Democrats wanted peace and to grant South independence
-Lincoln had to win to keep war going
-Democrats ran George McClellan to attract military vote |
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Term
| Describe the Election of 1864 |
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Definition
-victories by Faragut, Sherman and Sheridan raised confidence of Northern voters
-Lincoln won with 55% of vote
-chose Andrew Johnson (TN) to be his partner
-Johnson was only southern Congressman to keep his seat
-South's chance at victory died |
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Term
| Describe Appomattox Court House |
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Definition
-Lee surrendered here on April 9, 1865
-essentially marked the end of the Civil War |
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Term
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Definition
| -Radical Republicans took over and wanted harsh punishment |
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Term
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Definition
-Americans began encroaching upon Texas before LA purchase
-largest of these invasions came with the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition of 1812-1813
-private army invaded Texas and rebel Tejanos seized San Antonio and proclaimed Texas an independent country
*displayed the weak hold of Spain on Texas
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Term
| Describe Stephen F. Austin |
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Definition
-father, Moses, was in charge of bringing families to Texas
-Stephen had to work with new gov't and they allowed them to settle with exceptions
-first leader of Americans in Texas |
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Term
| Describe the Law of April 6, 1830 |
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Definition
-1828, Mexican govt came to inspect Americans in Texas
-realized they were breaking the rules (slavery, squatting)
-law enacted the following:
1. Immigration to Texas was ended.
2. New tariffs were enacted on trade.
3. New military garrisons were installed |
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Term
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Definition
-became dictator of Mexico in 1830
-enforced the law of 1830 with military force
-led Mexican army against the Texan revolts
-captured at battle San Jacinto
-exiled after this revolt
-back in power during Mexican-American war |
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Term
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Definition
-commander of Texan forces
-first president of Texas, for two terms |
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Term
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Definition
-1836, small fort in San Antonio with 187 men stationed
-James Bowie and Col. Travis were ordered to leave but they ignored the orders
-Santa Anna led a siege of the fort for 13 days
-eventually he attacked the fort and all the men were slaughtered
*provided rallying cry for the divided Texans |
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Term
| Describe the Battle of San Jacinto |
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Definition
-April 1863
-Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna's army and captured the Mexican leader
-major victory that led Santa Anna to sign treaty |
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Term
| Describe the Mexican American War |
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Definition
-1846-1848
-fought over a boundary dispute for the Nueces Strip and the annexation of Texas
-Gen. Zach Taylor won major victory at Buena Vista
-Gen. Winfield Scott defeated Veracruz and captured Mexico City
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in 1848 setting boundary at Rio Grande River and US gained other territory
*Completed American Dream of Sea to Shining Sea but sparked new controversy of slavery in the newly acquired territory |
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Term
| Describe Nat Turner’s Rebellion |
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Definition
-1831
-slave preacher in VA led largest slave revolt in history
-angered and frightened whites
*White southern mindset changed towards justifying slavery |
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Term
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Definition
-emerged after Nat Turner's Rebellion
-John C Calhoun
-states rights and property rights
-argued that the Bible lacked a clear admonition against slavery |
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Term
| Describe Urbanization/industrialization |
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Definition
-large growth of cities in the North
-high crime and poverty rates |
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Term
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Definition
-1840s US saw large scale immigration
-US offered plenty of land and jobs, low taxes, no secret police etc.
-British and Scottish found it easy to assimilate
-Irish was largest group and faced harsh discrimination
*led to Nativism; Know-Nothing Party |
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Term
| Describe the The Fugitive Slave Act |
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Definition
-most controversial aspect of Compromise of 1850
led to the following:
-runaways had no right to trial
-commissions given to those who found runaways
-commissions given to judges who found slave guilty
-deputies could require any free citizen to assist in capturing alleged runaways
*outraged Northerners and many moderates became abolitionists |
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Term
| Describe Stephen A. Douglas |
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Definition
-made background deals to pass laws
-proponent of Pop Sov
-proposed Kan-Neb Act
-fought against Lecompton Const
-got nomination from N Dems for 1860 election |
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Term
| Describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Definition
-proposed by Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 so territories could be organized so transcontinental RR could be built
-slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty
-Northerners were outraged because it abolished Mizz Compromise
-led to Bleeding Kansas and other skirmishes fought to get people to vote a certain way
*major precursor to Civil War and split Democratic party |
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Term
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Definition
-born on small Kentucky farm
-little education but became lawyer and successful business man
-1846 was elected to HOR
-got Rep nomination and won 1860 election
-mysterious figure |
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Term
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Definition
-offered command of Union forces but chose to support VA
-took command at 7 days battle in 1862
-bold commander who was unafraid to take risks
-gave South a huge advantage; suffered first defeat at Gettysburg |
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Term
| Describe the Battle of Antietam |
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Definition
-Sept 17, 1862
-clashed in Sharpburgs, MD
-McClellan failed to take advantage of gaining Lee's plan
-single bloodiest day in American history
-McClellan removed from command
-Lee retreated
*gave Lincoln the victory he needed to sign Emancipation Proclamation |
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Term
| Describe the Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
-Sept 22, 1862
-declared that all slaves would be free
-essentially provided a cause for fighting, to free slaves
-allowed blacks to fight for Union
-received Northern support but the South was outraged |
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Term
| Describe Ulysses S. Grant |
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Definition
-General in charge of many battles in western theater
-ruthless leader; Unconditional surrender, the Butcher
-placed in charge of all Union armies in 1864 and led the Union to victory
-elected president in 1868 |
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Term
| ESSAY: Westward Expansion – discuss the factors which drove westward migration (ideas, attitudes, economics, etc.) |
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Definition
-started with Lewis and Clark
Ideas:
-some want to expand American civilization
-spread Christianity
-Southern Democrats hoped to spread slavery
Attitudes:
-many believed it was a God given right to expand "Manifest Destiny"
-others believed that whites were destined to dominate the Indians and Hispanics
Economics:
-increase trade with Asia
-many came west because of Panic of 1837 |
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Term
| ESSAY: Compare the North and the South in the years before the Civil War |
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Definition
Economics
N: mainly agricultural, but urbanization was growing
-most of manufacturing was in North
S: Cotton is King
-planter elite held most of the power
-80% of whites were small farmers
-only 5% owned slaves
Industry
N: manufacturing was a major part of economy
-factory conditions were dangerous and wages were low
S: had some industry but many chose to invest in land and slaves
-rose 80% in decade before the war
Slavery:
N: no slavery but blacks were not treated as equals
S: only 5% owned, many treated humanely but there were strict regulations against them
Labor Ideas
N: Ideology of Free labor; men worked to gain status and hire other people
S: slavery was a block to this; poor farmers and slaves couldn't move up social ladder
Railroads:
N: had large majority of RR tracks
S: did not need as much track because of lack of industry |
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