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The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Created the Northwest territory
• This area was all the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River
• Several states had to give up their claims to this land before the articles of Confederation were ratified
• The ordinance also included several laws for the Northwest Territory
o One law outlawed slavery in the territory and in any states created from it
• Ordinance strongly supported education in the new territories |
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| President Jackson wanted to open up the land that stretched from Georgia to the Mississippi river for farming cotton and other things. The act ordered Native Americans to give up their lands east of the Mississippi river in exchange for land west of the river. This land was known as Indian Territory. Supporters of this act claimed that is protected Native Americans from the pressure of increased white settlement. But many Natives liked learning to be “civilized” and did not want to move. The move preserved tradition and culture. To organize the new Indian territory the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created. |
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| Used to organize and run the resettlement to Indian Territory. Created schools and offered help in starting farms. Restricted white settlers from moving into the area. |
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| A journey of hardship and death from Georgia 800 miles to the west 15,000 Cherokees were forced to go. Many of the Cherokees did not want to move. Gold had been discovered there and the Georgia legislation tried to force the Cherokees to give up their land. Some signed the Treaty of New Echota (treaty which surrenders their land) The Cherokees went to court to defend their rights and won. However, President Jackson ignored the supreme courts decision and sent in the US army to force them to leave. |
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| was an agreement between the Southern and Northern State reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Under this compromise, slaves were counted as three-fifths of a human being for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress. Northern States argued that they didn’t want to count slaves at all, and that they should be treated as property. The Southern states, however, wanted to count slaves as people so that they would get more representation in the Congress. The North feared that by counting slaves it would increase the congressional seats given to the South. In the end two representatives came up with the 3/5th compromise which served both sides. |
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| a set of laws that limited the activities of enslaved people. These laws include; no basic rights, running a business, holding property, gathering in public, marrying without permission, attending school, reading or writing. Some enslaved Africans would rebel in indirect ways such as work slowly, break tools, pretend to be ill, burn farms and barns, and crops too. The slave codes caused rebellion. The largest slave uprising is known as the Stono Rebellion. 20 enslaved people stole guns from the store and killed the store keepers then marched south hoping to find freedom in Spanish Florida. Slaves joined them along the way. A group of South Carolina plantation owners chased and caught them. Fighting broke out and people on both sides were killed. |
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| Huge profits in cotton due to the invention of the cotton gin led to expansions in the plantation systems in the south. The significance of this is that it led to very different lifestyles in the south. The southerners needed more land for their plantations and they pushed out many Native Americans (the Indian Removal Act) out of their homes in the south and relocated them further west. Also they increased the amount of enslaved Africans in the US. They are big and require many slaves. Plantation systems changed ideas about slavery in the south, many thought only slave labor could procide enough workers to satisfy cotton demands. |
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| machine that removes seeds from cotton fibers. Invented by Eli Whitney. Significant because it helped increase cotton production and expanded plantation systems in the South. Cotton played a major role in the economy of the U.S. Textile industries in New England developed more rapidly because south supplied more cotton. The Indian Removal Act was placed and many Native Americans were removed from southeast to West so the planters could have better cotton growing lands. Northern factories developed ways to weave cloth faster than by hand. Tariff on supplies that southerners needed caused tension between the South and the North. More planters began growing cotton instead of tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo because of the ease and popularity of growing cotton. The invention also increases the amount of enslaved Africans in the US because planters began making their plantations bigger and they needed more slaves to plant pick and clean the cotton |
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| A free African American in living in Charleston South Carolina also led a revolt. Failed and he was hanged. Even after his execution, He was regarded as a hero. During the American Civil war, abolitionist Frederick Douglass used His name as a battle cry. |
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| An enslaved African American. Born on a plantation in Virginia. He was a preacher. Believed that god wanted him to free all enslaved Africans. He attacked and killed plantation owned and the rest of the Travis family. They killed 60 more people. He gained followers and they went into hiding for six weeks until they were captured and he was hung. The significance of this event was that his revolt led to stricter slave codes. More rebellions also led by his example. Instilled fear in plantation owners. Led to harsher conditions for slaves. They could no longer carry guns when hunting or play bugles. It led to night patrols to prevent secret meetings and run away saves. |
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| A secret network of escape routes organized by free African Americans, former slaves, and anti slavery whites. It had tracks (along the back roads and rivers that lead to northern states or other countries such as Cuba, Bahamas, Mexico and Canada.), stations (churches, houses, caves) and conductors. |
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| worked in antislavery efforts. lead the antislavery movement.left to south Carolina with her sister because they could no longer stand to live with slavery. They became antislavery spokespersons. Worked in other areas to reform education and women’s rights. Working toward ending slavery caused relization and awareness about their unfair state and they began to demand more rights. |
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| A brilliant speaker, He was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to give lectures, and so became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. He was born into slavery in Maryland and taught how to read. He won world fame when his autobiography was publicized. Later he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star. He served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. Forced all Americans to think of the injustices of slavery. |
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| Founded an abolitionist newspaper “the liberator” in Boston. He raised awareness and helped gain followers with his newspaper. Influenced other papers to publish antislavery essays. David Walker wrote an article against slavery and other African Americans did the same. |
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| elimination of slavery. They didn’t care about the effects it would have. Believed slavery was so evil and should be ended regardless of the other problems that might arise. Quakers were many leaders of the movement. They believed that slavery was against Christian beliefs. They felt that slavery should not expand to new territories and supported runaway slaves and the railroad. |
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| American Colonization Society |
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| Tried to solve the problem of what the enslaved African Americans would do after slavery was ended. Some suggested that they return back to Africa. Founded a settlement named Liberia on the coast of West Africa. It was to be a colony for formerly enslaved Africans. Some freed slaved did go but others chose to stay. It helped the movement but did not solve the problem of slavery in the US. |
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| Mexico and the US had both claimed Texas for themselves. Unfortunately both countries felt that this dispute could only be solved by War. After the Mexican had faced many defeats the two countries signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The treaty stated that Mexico will withdraw its claim to Texas and cede a large territory. The United States paid 15 million dollars for this territory, which was nearly half of Mexico’s territory. It included California, Nevada, and Utah. |
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| resulted in 61 ships carrying 50 prospectors each, to leave Boston, New York City and other eastern ports for California. By the end of the year more than 80,000 Americans left for California in search of gold. By 1951 more than 4000 Chinese moved to California in search for this. A government was created in California to support all of its new inhabitants and California asked to be admitted to the US. CA became the 31st state. This attracted people from all over the world including Australia and Europe. The United States had become a multinational country with people from all over the world. |
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| It was believed by many people that it was the (blank) to expand to the Pacific Ocean. This idea led people to explorer the West. It was also believed that Americans, “the chosen people”, had a mission to spread their democracy to the less fortunate (usually meaning Native Americans and other non-Europeans). (blank) upset many Native Americans since they felt that they were being cheated. It angered them to the extent where they started attacking the Americans. This constant unrest led to the signing of the First Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 which assigned boundaries to each group in order to decrease violence. |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| It was built in the 1860s, linking the developing railway network of the Eastern coast with California. It was completed on May 10, 1869; it gave America a nation0wide transportation network. Most of the Union Pacific track was built mostly by Irish laborers, and the Central Pacific Track was built mostly by Chinese workers. White men received between one and three dollars a day while Chinese workers received a lot less. When the building reached the Great Plains many Native Americans living in the area felt that the railroads were a violation of their treaties with the United States. As a result the Native Americans started attacking the laborers which eventually forced the Americans to strengthen security in order to continue the progress on the this. |
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| An Agreement put forward by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter the Union as a free state. This also drew an imaginary line at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, dividing the new Louisiana Territory into two areas, one north and one south. All of the Louisiana Territory north of this line was free territory, meaning that any territories that became states from this area would enable African-Americans to be free. This also encouraged people in the north to return runaway slaves to their homes and did not prohibit slavery, even in the free territories. |
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| In payment for Southern support for California’s admission to the Union as a free state and ending the slave trade in the District of Columbia, the Congress enacted this. This passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. This law made it tougher on slaves who ran away and demanded stricter punishment for those helping slaves run away. This applied to even those slaves who had been free for many years so that if caught they could be returned. Commissioners received 10 dollars for every slave they returned. This angered by people in the North. They claimed it was unconstitutional and as a result riots occurred in some Northern communities. |
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| This one abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia but bound Congress to create the Fugitive Slave Law. This also admitted California as a free state and separately organized the territories of Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery. |
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| This was a novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed to much of the nation that did not know how evil slavery could be. It was first published in installments in an abolitionist magazine. The story came on in book form in 1852. It was an immediate success, selling more than 300,000 copies in the first year. Later it was translated into more than 20 languages and sold an astounding 1.5 million copies. This was viewed in the South as abolitionist propaganda. |
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| In 1854 Act of Congress that repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced as the guiding principle behind the incorporation of the Kansas and Nebraska Territories the idea of popular sovereignty -- the idea that citizens of newly formed territories could decide when they applied for statehood whether slavery would be allowed in their new state. Lincoln drew distinct differences between the idea of popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott Decision. |
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| refers to the time between 1854058 when the Kansas territory was the site of much violence over whether the territory would be free or slave. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 set the scene by allowing the territory of Kansas to decide for itself whether it would be free or salve, a situation known as popular sovereignty. With the passage of the act, thousands of pro and anti-slavery supporters flood the state. Violent clashes soon occurred. Eventually Kansas joined the Union in 1861 as a free state. |
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| was a slave who forever changed the definition of property. He went with his master to Illinois and Minnesota and claimed that this made him a free man. The Missouri Supreme Court found otherwise. He sued his new owner, John Sanford of New York, for damages, alleging physical abuse. A federal court ruled that Scott was a citizen. But the Supreme Court ruled otherwise. Chief Justice Roger Taney, in an 1857 plurality opinion, said that African-Americans could never become United States citizens and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Further, the Court said, Congress could not constitutionally exclude slavery from the territories. |
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A political party formed in 1854 out of the Know-Nothing and Whig parties. John C. Fremont was its first candidate, in 1856. Lincoln was its first successful candidate, in 1860. The issues that that this party brought forth included:
• Repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Support of the central route for the construction of the transcontinental railroad
• Support of a Homestead Act, which would ease the process for settlers to own western lands
• Support of high protective tariffs and liberal immigration laws |
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| Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, ran against each other for an Illinois Senate seat in 1858. The hot topics in the seven debates were slavery and popular sovereignty. In accepting his party's nomination for the seat, Lincoln gave his famous "House Divided" speech. Douglas won the Senate seat, but Lincoln gained nationwide recognition for his thoughtful, impassioned arguments. |
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| was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in the New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century. This system was made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution. The system used domestic labor often referred to as mill girls, since three quarters of the work force was female. |
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| are citizens of the United States who trace their ancestry to Ireland. Over 12 percent of the total population of the United States is reported to have Irish ancestry. Many Irish that immigrated to the United States worked for the transcontinental railroad. The Erie Canal was also another project were majority of the laborers were Irishmen. |
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| is a term used to refer to ethnocentric beliefs relating to immigration and nationalism. In particular, it may refer to 19th and 20th century political movements in the United States, especially the Know Nothings in the 1850s and the KKK in the 1920s. It typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered to be hostile or alien to the natural culture. |
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| is a conservative party in the United States. It was originally called the American Independent Party. It was renamed in 1969 by representative from 37 states. After the 1972 election it split from the American Independent Party. Both of the parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Their views are anti-communist and anti-imperialist right-wing. It strives for more religious Western identity. |
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| The Second Great Awakening |
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| was a period of great religious revival. It generated excitement in church congregation throughout New England, the mid-Atlantic, Northwest and the South. This period changed American life in areas such as prison reform, temperance and most importantly abolitionism. |
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| is the 1,300 miles route that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints traveled. Today it is a part of the United States National Trails System. The movement began in 1846 when, in the face of conflicts (persecution) with neighbors, Brigham Young decided to abandon Nauvoo and look for a new home where they could practice freely. |
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| was an early and influential women’s right convention held in Seneca Falls, New York over two days. By some this was seen as a step in the continuing effort by women to gain themselves a greater proportion of social, civil and moral rights. By others this was seen as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete quality with men. This was the moment when the push for women’s suffrage first gained national prominence. |
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| was an American social activist, abolitionist and leading figure of the early woman’s movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Conventions is often credited with the first organized woman’s rights and woman’s suffrage movements in the United States. |
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| All new comers from the United States lived here. They were originally created to coordinate community work on an international level. In other words all Chinese railroad workers would live in one neighborhood. All Irish railroad workers would live in another neighborhood. Typically they are overcrowded and extremely unhygienic. |
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