Term
| the kidneys are said to be located _____ because they are posterior to the periotneal membranes that surrounnd many digestive organs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost connective tissue that encases each kidney (makes kidney look like its wrapped in plastic wrap) |
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Term
Name the 3 regions of the kidney that can be identified in a frontal section of the kidney
aka: name the outer layer
middle layer
the inner layer |
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Definition
1. renal cortex
2.renal medulla
3.renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| Most superficial (most outer) region of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| contains many blood vessels that serve the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the blood filtering structures of the kidney |
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Term
| Medullary pyramids aka (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| the Renal pyramids are located (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| each Medullary/ Renal pyramid contains(2) |
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Definition
1. the looping tubules of the nephron
aka ascending & descending limbs of the loop of henle
2. Structures that drain fluid from the nephron. |
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Term
Renal columns def
and what do they contain(1)? |
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Definition
Inward extensions of renal cortex
that separate the Medullary/ Renal pyramids
Contain many blood vessels |
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Term
| what structure give meduallary pyramids a striated (striped appearance)(1) |
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Definition
the looping tubules of the nephron
aka the ascending& decending loop of henle
remember medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost region of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a basin for collecting urine |
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Term
| the looping Tubes of the nephron DRAIN into even larger tubes called(1)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tubes in which Minor calyces drain into are called (1)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Major calcyes drain into (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| the large renal arteries deliver about _____ milliliters of blood per minute to the kidney to be filtered. |
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Definition
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Term
| the large renal artery becomes the ____ & _____ arteries in the renal pelvis |
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Definition
| segmental & lobar arteries |
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Term
| the large renal artery becomes the ______ in the renal colums |
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Definition
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Term
| the large renal artery becomes the ___ artery when it curves around the meduallary pyrmaids |
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Definition
arcuate
think arc like a circle |
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Term
| the large renal artery becomes the ___ arteries when it enters the renal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| the interlobular arteries branch into |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent arterioles fcn (1) |
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Definition
| each supply the glomerulus |
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Term
| the large renal artery becomes smaller/bigger as it goes from the medulla to the cortex |
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Definition
smaller
its smaller as it branches out from the middle to the outermost layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Ball of capallaries Filters the blood of the kidneys |
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Term
| t or f: is the glomerulus the primary site for gas exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteriole in which the glomerulus drains into |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: the capallaries of the glomerulus drain into a venule |
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Definition
| f; they drain into a second arteriole called the efferent arteriole |
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Term
| Capillary bed that arises from Efferent arteriole |
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Definition
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Term
| peritubular capillaries fcn (2) |
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Definition
| 1.provide nephron with oxygen & nutrients 2.take substances that have been reabsorbed by the nephron tubules back into the blood |
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Term
| peritubular capillaries surround (1) |
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Definition
the tubules of the nephron
thats how they get their name! |
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Term
| what structure drains the peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
| small interlobULAR veins drain into |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| interlobular veins drain into |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tiny units that compromise kidney on a microscopic level
fcn: the bloof filtering structures of the blood |
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Term
| Blood first enters the high pressure circuit of the _______ , where fluid and small solutes are forced out of capallaries and into the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| capsular space is located |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule of the renal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| name layers of the Bowman's capsule (2) |
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Definition
parietal (outer)
visceral (inner) |
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Term
| the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule contains what kind of epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
| the visceral layer of the Bowman's capusle contains |
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Definition
| cells called podocytes that surround the capallaries of the glomerulus |
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Term
| the glomerulus and ts surrounding capsule are called (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| the filtration membrane consists of (3) |
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Definition
1.glomerular endothelial cells (parietal)
2.podocytes (visceral)
3.& their shared basal lamina |
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Term
| fcn of the filtration membrane |
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Definition
| prevent large substances in the blood from (such as RBC, proteins) EXITING the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| the fluid in the capsular space is called |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the fluid from the capsular space (located in Bowman's space) go |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
series of tubules
aka the plumbing the kidney |
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Term
| name the 3 parts of the renal tubule |
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Definition
1. Proximal tubule
2. The ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop
3.Distal tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| Distal & proximal tubules are located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (distal convoluted tubule) |
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Term
| several distal tubes drain into (1) |
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Definition
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Term
macula densa def (1)
include where they are fouund(1) |
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Definition
grp of closely packed cells
found btwn the ascending nephron loop (loop of Henle) |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) |
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Definition
| specialized cells in the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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Definition
| the union of the JG cells & macula densa |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) fcn (2) |
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Definition
plays a role in controlling the:
1. flow of filtrate through the nephron
2. the blood pressure within the glomerulus |
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Term
| from the collecting duct filtrate drains into |
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Definition
larger tubules called papillary ducts
(more water reclaimed) |
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Term
| fcn of the renal tubule and collecting duct |
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Definition
| allows for most of the water & solutes in the filtrate(fluid from Bowman's capsule) to be reclaimed |
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Term
| after fluid leaves the papaillary ducts it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| give the path of urine once it leaves the papillary ducts til it is expelled from body (6) |
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Definition
urine drains into:
1. minor calcyes
2.major calcyes
3.renal pelvis
4.ureters
5. bladder
6.urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubes where urine travels to after leaving renal pelvis |
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Term
| the ureters are lined by what epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| the walls of the ureters contain ____ which fcn to |
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Definition
| smooth muscle that massage the urine via peristalsis (how urine moves through ureter). |
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Term
| structure that drains ureters is the |
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Definition
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Term
| urinary bladder is lined with what kind of epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| the walls of the urinary bladder contain _______ & give aka |
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Definition
smooth muscle (aka detrusor muscle)
rugae: allow bladder to expand when filled with urine |
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Term
| what structure allow bladder to expand when filled with urine |
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Definition
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Term
| the Smooth inferior portion of urinary bladder wall is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| Trigone congtains (1) give its name &fcn |
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Definition
the internal urethra orifice:
the opening that leads to urethra |
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Term
| Final organ of urinary system |
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Definition
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Term
| the urethra consists of (2) |
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Definition
2 rings of smooth muscle:
Involuntary: internal urethral sphincter
Voluntary: external urethral sphincter |
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Term
| when the internal &external urethral sphincter RELAX what occurs? |
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Definition
| urine is expelled from the body |
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Term
| give the term: urine is expelled from the body via a process called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An epithelium that allows for expansion and recoil |
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Term
| the ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop are located (1)? |
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Definition
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Term
| release of renin causes (2) |
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Definition
restricts losses of water and salt in urine
•By stimulating reabsorption at nephron |
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Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule fcn (3) |
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Definition
| Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients |
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Term
Distal convoluted tubule fcn
secretes: (3)
reabsorbs: |
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Definition
1.Secretion of ions, acids, drugs/toxins
2.Variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions
*(under hormonal control) |
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Term
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Definition
Further reabsorption of water (descending limb):water
(ascending limb): Na & Cl ions |
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Term
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Definition
| blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
blood hydrostatic pressure causes
small solutes?
lg solutes? |
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Definition
forces water through membrane pores
1.Small solute molecules pass through pores
2.Larger solutes and suspended materials are retained |
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Term
blood hydrostatic pressure occurs
under what conditions? |
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Definition
across capillary walls
As water and dissolved materials are pushed into interstitial fluids |
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Term
| Glucose appears in urine is called |
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Definition
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Term
| compare the Renal Threshold for Amino Acids to glucose |
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Definition
amino acids: 65
glucose: 180
so it is normal for amino acids to appear in urine After a protein-rich meal |
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Term
| Amino acids commonly appear in urine is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Total number of solute particles per liter |
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Term
Osmolarity units
1.for body fluids
2.Ion concentrations
3.Concentrations of large organic molecules |
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Definition
1. osmoles per liter (Osm/L) or milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L
*300 mOsm/L (normal )
3.Grams or milligrams per unit volume of solution (mg/dL or g/dL)
2.In milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) |
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Term
Glomerular Filtration:
3 components of glomerular membrane |
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Definition
1.Capillary endothelium
2.Dense layer
3.Filtration slits |
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Term
| Glomerular Capillaries are what kind of capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular Capillaries: pores have a diameter of |
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular Capillaries prevent ____ from entering |
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Definition
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Term
| fenestrated capillaries fcn |
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Definition
Allow diffusion of solutes,
including plasma proteins
recall these are Glomerular Capillaries |
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Term
| The Dense Layer Allows diffusion of only:(3) |
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Definition
•Small plasma proteins
•Nutrients
•Ions
(more selective) |
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Term
| this layer is the most selective out of all 3 glomerular membrane layers |
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Definition
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Term
| The Filtration Slits allow |
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Definition
| PREVENT passage of most small plasma proteins |
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Term
| The Filtration Slits have gaps |
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Definition
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Term
| why is a relatively high pressures required to force blood into Efferent arterioles? |
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Definition
recall:
Blood leaving glomerular capillaries
Flows into an efferent arteriole
(has a diameter smaller than afferent arteriole)
=
produces resistance |
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Term
| The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
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Definition
| Is the amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute |
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Term
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
average value |
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Definition
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Term
The Glomerular Filtration Rate : 1.results in what % of fluid being delivered to kidneys?
2.This fluid the _________
3.Enters the _________ |
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Definition
1.10%
2.leaves the bloodstream
3.capsular spaces |
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Term
| what test Is used to estimate the GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is creatinine and how is it used to determine kidney fcn? |
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Definition
creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle
The creatinine clearance test compares the level of creatinine in urine with the creatinine level in the blood. |
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Term
| Creatinine Clearance Test measures |
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Definition
Measures total creatinine excreted in 24 h and plasma levels of creatinine
calculation:
•GFR in dL/hour = Creatinine excretion rate (mg/hr)/plasma concentration of creatinine (g/dL) |
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