Term
| where are the kidneys and the adrenal glands located |
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Definition
kidneys are located behind the peritoneum in the back body wall, surrounded by fat covered by 11th and 12th ribs
right kidney lower than left due to liver
adrenal glands sit on top of kidneys |
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Term
| first few steps of entering kidney |
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Definition
enter through the renal artey
at hilus
then cranches between lobes to reach medella and cortex |
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Term
| decribe the lobes of the kidney |
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Definition
pyramidal in shape
apex points toward hilus
apex covered by calyx which recieves urine before exiting thru uerter |
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Term
| from arcuate arties to straigh arteries then where do they lead |
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Definition
they branch toward the surface and extend thru the cortex which will extend to capillary beds (glomerulous)
blood leaves the glomerulius hrough the efferent arteriole
which branches into capillaries around renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
tight capillaries that do not come apart
fenestrations encourage filtration
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Term
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Definition
enalrgement of the renal tubule
surrounds glomeulous
viscal layer sits on capillaries
contain filterate that leaves the capillaries and direct to the renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| atery-capillary-atery-capillary-vein |
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Term
| how does blood flow through glomerulous |
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Definition
enters thru afferent arteriole
maintains a steady rate of filtration independant of the physical activity status of individual
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Term
peritubular capillaries
location
what are they |
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Definition
lie around the tubules
brahces of the efferent arteriols & constitute second capillary bed
receive water and solutes by diffusion from stroma of kideny
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Term
what are juxtaglomerular cells
and what do they secrete |
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Definition
smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole that are just about to branch into the glomerulous
juxta=near to
they secrete renin |
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Term
| what does renin do and when is it secreted |
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Definition
it is secreted when the concentration of filtrate within the distal tubule is abnormally high
meaning filration rate is too slow
it increases BP and coverts angiotensinogen into is active form angiotensin |
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Term
| what happens when renin causes angiotension to react |
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Definition
| vasonconstriciton and the zona glomerulous secretes aldesterone which icreases the absorption of NaCl and water into peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| what triggers the renin-angiotension-aldesterone system |
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Definition
| low systematic blood pressure |
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Term
| explain the process of how cholesterol is coverted into vitamin D3 |
|
Definition
UV rays covert cholesterol to cholecalciferol
liver converts cholecalciferol into D2
kidney convers D2 into D3 |
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Term
| why is viatmen D3 necessary |
|
Definition
it causes the formation of calcium ion active transport proteins in intestinal epithelium
deficiency: trouble absorbing dietary calcium |
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Term
| what are most kidney stones made of |
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Definition
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Term
| how do kidney stones usually form |
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Definition
| small crystals get trapped in mucosa within the renal pelvis, where they will increase size |
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Term
| compare the internal and external sphincters |
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Definition
internal: operates on a stretch reflex too much stretch causes it to open causing sensation of needing to go to the bathroom
external: the voluntary sphincter that babies cant hold until they are potty trained |
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Term
what parts allow thru NaCL and water
what parts only allow water |
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Definition
loop of Henle and first part of the distal tubule allow NaCl and water (aldesterone)
latter part of the dital tubule and collecting tubule allow only water (anti-diuertetic) |
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Term
| what is considered a dark spot |
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Definition
| macula densa-densly packed together neucli in distal tubule |
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Term
| what are some things can can cause actue kidney failure |
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Definition
decreasing blood flow
damage to the glomerular or tubules
blocking the excretory passages |
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Term
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Definition
| increased level of toxins (urea) in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| escherichia coli, klebsiella, proteus |
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Term
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Definition
| pus formation from bacterial infection in kidney |
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Term
| what can urinalysis test (testing components) |
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Definition
| specific gravity, color, microscopic evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical bits of protein formed by excessive protein release from nephron tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
renal adenoma: begning
renal cell carinoma: malignant
bladder cancer: carcinoma of bladder lining |
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