Term
| What is the glomerular filtration rate |
|
Definition
| the amount of filtrate produce each minute |
|
|
Term
| How much filtrate is produced daily |
|
Definition
| about 150-180 Liters a day |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine is excreted daily |
|
Definition
| between one and two liters |
|
|
Term
| What can affect the glomerular filtration rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two processes regulate glomerular filtration rate |
|
Definition
| adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus and adjusting the glomerular surface area available for filtration |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways in which GFR can be regulated |
|
Definition
| through renal autoregulation, hormonal regulation, and neural regulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of renal autoregulation of GFR |
|
Definition
| myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback |
|
|
Term
| What does the myogenic mechanism accomplish |
|
Definition
| it counters changes in blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter |
|
|
Term
| How does the myogenic complex deal with an increase in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| it causes constriction of afferent arterioles which allows less blood to flow through which decreases filtration |
|
|
Term
| How does the myogenic complex counter a decrease in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| it causes dilation of afferent arterioles which increases blood flow and increases filtration |
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of the myogenic mechanism |
|
Definition
| to stabalize the GFR even when there are changes in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of tubuloglomerular feedback |
|
Definition
| its a way to ensure that filtration is not occuring too quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that detect elevated levels of solutes and water in the filtrate |
|
|
Term
| What do the macula densa do when they detect elevated levels of water and solutes in the filtrate |
|
Definition
| they send signals that stop nitric oxide release which causes afferent arterioles to contract which slows the flow of blood and slows filtration |
|
|
Term
| What division of the nervous system regulates GFR |
|
Definition
| sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What does activation of the sympathetic nervous sytem do |
|
Definition
| causes widespread vasoconstriction which decreases GFR |
|
|
Term
| What can happen as a result of extreme exertion or stress |
|
Definition
| The extended rerouting of blood flow can cause hypoxia, metabolic waste build up, proteinuria, hematuria, and renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Why would metabolic waste build up during times of extreme stress or exertion |
|
Definition
| blood flow is rerouted and vasoconstriction occurs due to sympathetic stimulation, this causes less filtration which means less removal of wastes through urine |
|
|
Term
| Why can proteinuria,hematuria,or renal failure occur as a result of extreme stress or exertion |
|
Definition
| redirected blood flow and vasoconstriction due to sympathetic stimulation can cause hypoxia of renal cells which causes damage to filtration membrane allowing substances that normally can not get through to enter the urine |
|
|
Term
| When is angiotensin II released |
|
Definition
| when blood pressure is low |
|
|
Term
| What does angiotensin II do |
|
Definition
| it causes vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate glomerular filtration rate |
|
Definition
| angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| How does angiotensin II regulate GFR and blood pressure |
|
Definition
| it causes vasoconstriction which decreases blood flow and decreases filtration. This means less water is lost from the kidneys which means an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| When is atrial natriuretic peptide released |
|
Definition
| in response to high blood volume and high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What does atrial natriuretic peptide cause |
|
Definition
| caused dilation of glomerular capillaries and increases the surface area available for filtration |
|
|
Term
| what hormone increases the surface available for filtration |
|
Definition
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| How does atrial natriuretic peptide affect GFR |
|
Definition
| it increases it which causes more filtration more urine which means less blood volume and lower blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is transcellular reabsorption |
|
Definition
| filtrate flows through the tubalar cell to get to the capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What transport systems are used in tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
|
Definition
| active transport, secondary active transport, facultative water reabsorption, obligatory water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What is obligatory water reabsorption |
|
Definition
| water is obliged to follow its osmotic gradient towards a higher solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is facultative water reabsortion |
|
Definition
| need based reabsorptiom using water channels |
|
|
Term
| What is facultative water reabsorption regulated by |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone which cause more reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the transport maximum |
|
Definition
| the number of carrier proteins determines how much of a substance can be transported |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugar in urine, normal after a carb rich meal, may be an indicator of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amino acids in urine. Normal after a protein rich meal |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are excreted in the urine |
|
Definition
| excess b vitamins and vitamin c |
|
|
Term
| What part of a nephron reabsorbs the most filtrate |
|
Definition
| the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| most organic compounds, water, and ions |
|
|
Term
| What is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| H+ ions in exchange for Na+ ions |
|
|
Term
| What does the secretion of H+ in the proximal convoluted tubule help to regulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to water |
|
Definition
| the prescence of aquaporin I, a water channel |
|
|
Term
| What ions are actively transported out of the tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the reabsorption of calcium in the distal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do collecting ducts collect tubular fluid from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do collectind ducts transport tubular fluid to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are reabsorbed in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
| water, sodium ions, bicarbonate ions, urea |
|
|
Term
| What controls the reabsorption of most substances in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance is both reabsorbed and secreted in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance is secreted in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone regulate the reabsorption of sodium in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
| it increases na+ reabsorption which increases bv and bp |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
|
Definition
| angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| What does angiotensin II stimulate |
|
Definition
| the reabsorption of sodium ions, chloride ions, and water as well as the release of aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| What does aldosterone stimulate |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of sodium ions and chloride ions as well as the secretion of potassium ions |
|
|
Term
| How does ADH cause increased retention of water |
|
Definition
| increases water permeability of collecting duct by opening water channels called aquaporin II |
|
|
Term
| How does the secretion of ADH affect urine concentration |
|
Definition
| it causes the urine to be more concentrated |
|
|
Term
| What hormones does atrial natriuretic peptide suppress |
|
Definition
| aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| How does atrial natriuretic peptide affect tubular secretion |
|
Definition
| it increases the secretion of sodium ions which leads to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure |
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