Term
| what is the temporary storage reservoir for urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transport urine form the kidneys to the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transports urine out of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
kidneys are major excretory organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 kidney functions? |
|
Definition
1) removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood
2) regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH
3) gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 endocrine functions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
1) renin
2) erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| what regulates blood pressure and kidney function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regulates RBC production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the kidneys located? |
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region |
|
|
Term
true or false
left kidney is lower than the right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renal hilum leads to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue for the kidney? |
|
Definition
1) renal fascia
2) perirenal fat capsule
3) fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
| the anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer of supportive tissue that has a fatty cushion is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer of supportive tissue that prevents spread of infection to the kidney is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a granular superficial region is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by renal columns is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tip of pyramid; releases urine into minor calyx is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the funnel-shaped tube within the renal sinus is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major calyces, the branching channels of the renal pelvis does these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) collect urine from minor calyces
2) empty urine into the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| urine flows from the pelvis to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renal arteries deliver ~1/4 (1200 ml)of ____________ to the kidneys each minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
arterial flow into and venous flow out of the kidney follow similar paths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve supply is via sympathetic fibers from the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of blood flow through renal blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| aorta-> renal artery-> segmental artery-> interlobar artery-> arcuate artery-> cortical radiate artery-> afferent arteriole-> glomerulus (capillaries)-> efferent arteriole-> paritubular capillaries and vasa recta-> cortical radiate vein-> arcuate vein-> interlobar vein-> renal vein-> inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| structural and functional units that form urine are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
there are ~ 1 million nephrons per kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nephrons has two parts, what are they? |
|
Definition
1) glomerulus
2) renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| a tuft of capillaries is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what begins as cup-shaped glomerular (bowman's) capsule surrounding the glomerulus is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerulus + glomerular capsule is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule? |
|
Definition
| fenestrated glomerular endothelium |
|
|
Term
| the glomerular capsule has 2 layers what are they? |
|
Definition
| parietal layer and visceral layer |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue does parietal layer have? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what has branching epithelial podocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visceral layer has these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane
2) filtration slits that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space |
|
|
Term
| what functions in re absorption and secretion, has cuboidal cells with dense micro villi and large mitochondria, and is confined to the cortex |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
|
|
Term
| in Loop of Henle with descending and ascending limbs which one has thin segment and thick segment? |
|
Definition
thin segment: descending limb
thick segment: ascending limb |
|
|
Term
| thick segment of ascending limb has what tissue? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| thin segment of descending limb has these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)simply squamous epithelium
2) freely permeable to water |
|
|
Term
| what functions more in secretion than reabsorption, has coboidal cells with very few microvilli, and is confined to the cortex? |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
|
|
Term
| what receive filtrate from many nephrons, is fused together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collecting ducts has 2 cell types, what are they? |
|
Definition
| intercalated cells and principal cells |
|
|
Term
| what function in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body and has cuboidal cells with microvilli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what helps maintain the body's water and salt balance and has cuboidal cells without micro villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 85% of nephorns that are almost entirely in the cortex are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nephrons have loops of Henle what what deeply invades the medulla, extensive thin segments,and is important in production of concentrated urine is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in glomerulus capillary beds, the blood pressure is high because of 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) efferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than afferent arterioles
2)arterioles are high-resistance vessels |
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed is specialized for filtration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nephron capillary beds include these 3? |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed has low-pressure with porous capillaries adapted for absorption, arise from efferent arterioles, cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex, and empties into venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed has long vessels parallel to long loops of henle, arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephons, and has a function important in urine concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nephron has short loop of henle and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction, and the efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nephron has long loop of henle and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junction, and the efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes blood pressure to decline from ~95 mm Hg to ~8 mm Hg in kidneys? |
|
Definition
| high resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| resistance in afferent arterioles does what? |
|
Definition
| protect glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| resistance in efferent arterioles does these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)reinforces high glomerular pressure
2)reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what has one per nephron, is important in regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure and involves distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus has these 3 things? |
|
Definition
| granule cells, macula densa, and extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| what juxtaglomerular cell is enlarged, has smooth muscle cells of arteriole, secretory granule that contain renin, and act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what juxaglomerular apparatus cell is tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb,and act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate. also part of distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what juxtaglomerular apparatus interconnects with gap junctions, and may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells? |
|
Definition
| extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| in glomerulus capillary beds, the blood pressure is high because of 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) efferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than afferent arterioles
2)arterioles are high-resistance vessels |
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed is specialized for filtration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nephron capillary beds include these 3? |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed has low-pressure with porous capillaries adapted for absorption, arise from efferent arterioles, cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex, and empties into venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what capillary bed has long vessels parallel to long loops of henle, arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephons, and has a function important in urine concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nephron has short loop of henle and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction, and the efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nephron has long loop of henle and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junction, and the efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes blood pressure to decline from ~95 mm Hg to ~8 mm Hg in kidneys? |
|
Definition
| high resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| resistance in afferent arterioles does what? |
|
Definition
| protect glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| resistance in efferent arterioles does these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)reinforces high glomerular pressure
2)reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what has one per nephron, is important in regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure and involves distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus has these 3 things? |
|
Definition
| granule cells, macula densa, and extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| what juxtaglomerular cell is enlarged, has smooth muscle cells of arteriole, secretory granule that contain renin, and act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what juxaglomerular apparatus cell is tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb,and act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate. also part of distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what juxtaglomerular apparatus interconnects with gap junctions, and may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells? |
|
Definition
| extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| In the glomerulus the blood pressure is high due to these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)the arterioles are high resistance
vessels
2) the efferent arteriole are smaller in diameter than afferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| what is specialized for filtration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption, arises from efferent arterioles, clings to adjacent renal tubules in cortex,and empties into venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has long vessels parallel to long loops of henle, arises from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons, and has important function in urine concetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 nephrons capillary beds? |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, vasa recta, and peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what causes blood pressure to decline form ~95 mm Hg to ~8 mm Hg in kidneys? |
|
Definition
| high resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| resistance in afferent arterioles does what? |
|
Definition
| protects glomeruli from fluctuation in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| resistance in efferent arterioles does what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) reinforces high glomerular pressure
2) reduce hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what has one per nephron, is important in regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus involves portion of these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) distal potion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (distal convoluted tubule)
2)afferent (sometime efferent) arteriole |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| granule cell, macula densa, and extraglomerular mesangial cell |
|
|
Term
what juxtaglomerular cell is
- enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole
-secretory granule contain renin
- act as mechanoreceptor for blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what juxtaglomerular apparatus cell is
-tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb
-act as chemoreceptor for NaCl content in filtrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what juxtaglomerular apparatus cell is
-interconnected with gap junctions
-may pass signals between macula densa and granule cells |
|
Definition
| extraglomerular mesangial cell |
|
|
Term
| filtration membrane is what? |
|
Definition
| porous membrane between the blood and the capsular space |
|
|
Term
| what has fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes with foot processes and filtration slits?, and gel-like basement membrane (fused basal laminae of the two other layers)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| filtration membrane allows passage of water and solutes smaller than most plasma proteins how? |
|
Definition
fenetrations
- prevent filtration of blood cells
negatively charged basement membrane
-repels large anions such as plasma proteins
slit diaphragms
- help to repel macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| what engulf and degrade macromolecules and also can contract to change the total surface area available for filtration? |
|
Definition
| glomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| the kidney filter the body's entire plasma volume how many times a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood plasma minus proteins |
|
|
Term
| urine is what percent of total filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic wastes and unneeded substances |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 mechanism of urine formation? |
|
Definition
1)glomerular filtration
2) tubular re absorption
3)tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
| what returns all glucose and amino acids, 99% of water, salt, and other components to the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reverse of re absorption that selectively adds to the urine (put things back to urine)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration is a passive mechanical process driven by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the glomerulus is a very efficient filter because to these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1) its filtraion membrane is very permaeable and it has a large surface area
2) glomerular blood pressure is higher (55 mm Hg) than other capillaries |
|
|
Term
| in glomerular filtration molecules >5 nm that are not filtered (e.g., plasma proteins) and function to what? |
|
Definition
| maintain colloid osmotic pressure of the blood |
|
|
Term
| net filtration pressure (NFP) is? |
|
Definition
| the pressure responsible for filtrate formation (10mm Hg) |
|
|
Term
| net filtration pressure is determined by? |
|
Definition
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus (colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood + capsular hydrostatic pressure) |
|
|
Term
| the equation for net filtration pressure is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration rate is? |
|
Definition
| volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidney (120-125 ml/min) |
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration rate is governed by (and directly proportional to) these 3? |
|
Definition
1)total surface area available for filtration
2)filtration membrane pearmeability
3)NFP |
|
|
Term
true or false
filtration pressure higher than 55 is bad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration rate (is tightly controlled (regulated) by two types of mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| intrinsic controls and extrinsic controls |
|
|
Term
| what has renal autoregulation and act locally within the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intrinsic control maintains a nearly constant GFR when MAP is in the range of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of renal autoregulation of intrinsic control are? |
|
Definition
| myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, which senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic control renal autoregulation myogenic maechanism does what with blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| high BP causes constriction of afferent arterioles and low BP causes dilation of afferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
true or false
in high blood pressure, constriction of afferent arterioles protects glomeruli from damaging high BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
intrinsic control myogenic mechanism helps maintain normal GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intrinsic control tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism does 5 things? |
|
Definition
1) flow-dependent mechanism directed by the macula densa cells
2) if GFR increases, filtrate flow rate increases in the tubule
3) filtrate NaCl concentration will be high because of insufficient time for re absorption
4) macula densa cells of the JGA respond to high NaCl by releasing a vasoconstricting chemical that acts on the afferent arteriole > low GFR
5) the opposite occurs if GFR decreases |
|
|
Term
true or false
extrinsic control that is part of sympathetic nervous system is under normal condition at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the extrinsic control are at rest, the renal blood vessels are _______ and the renal autoregulation mechanisms prevail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two extrinsic control cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and triggering the release of renin? |
|
Definition
norepinephrine
-released by sympathetic nervous system
epinephrin
-released by adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic control renin-angiotensin mechanism is triggered when? |
|
Definition
| the granular cells of the JGA release renin |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 effects of angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
1) constricts arteriolar smooth muscle, causing MAP to rise
2) stimulates the reabsorption of Na+
- acts directly on the renal tubules
- triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
3) stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center
4) constricts efferent arterioles, decreasing peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increasing fluid reabsorption
5) causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract, decreasing the surface area available for filtration |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic control renin-angiotensin mechanism triggers for renin release by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three effect of renin-angiotensin? |
|
Definition
1) reduced stretch of granular cells (MAP below 80 mm Hg)
2) stimulation of the granular cells by activated macula densa cells
3) direct stimulation of granular cells via B1- adrenergic receptors by renal nerves |
|
|
Term
| other factors affecting GRF are? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandin E2, intrarenal angiotensin II, and adenosine |
|
|
Term
| the factor affecting GRF that has vasodilator that counteracts vasoconstriction by norepinephrine and angiotensin II and prevents renal damage when peripheral resistance is increased is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The factor affecting GRF that reinforces the effects of hormonal angiotensin II is? |
|
Definition
| intrarenal angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
| the factor affecting GRF that is a vasocontrictor of renal vasculature is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tubular reabsorption is a selective transepithelial process that includes active and passive process that has these two routes? |
|
Definition
| transcellular and paracellular |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 transcellular route? |
|
Definition
1) luminal membranes of tubule cells
2) cytosol of tubule cells
3) basolateral membranes of tubule cells
4) endothelium of peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what are the paracellular route? |
|
Definition
| between cell but limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K+, and some Na + in the PCT where tight junctions are leaky |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant cation in filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ out of the tubule cell by Na+ -K+ ATPase in basolateral membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ passes in through the luminal membrane by _______ or________ |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport or facilitated diffusion mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| low hydrostatic pressure and high osmotic pressure in the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic nutrients are reabsorbed by? |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| transport maximum (Tm) does what? |
|
Definition
| reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules available |
|
|
Term
| water is reabsorbed by______ (obligatory water reabsorption), aided by water-filled pores called aquaporins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cations and fat-soluble substances are reabsorped by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the site of most reabsorption?
-65 % of Na+ and water
-all nutrients
-ions
-small proteins |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| for reabsorption loop of henle's descending limb reabsorbs what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for reabsorption loop of henle's ascending limb reabsorbs what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DCT and collecting duct reabsorption is hormonally regulated
Ca+
water
Na+ |
|
Definition
PTH
ADH
aldosterone and ANP |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of aldosterone does what 3 things |
|
Definition
1) targets collecting ducts (principal cells) and distal DCT
2) promotes synthesis of luminal Na+ and K+ channels
3) promotes synthesis of basolateral Na+ -K+ ATPases |
|
|
Term
tubular secretion is reabsorption in reverse
K+, H+ NH4+, creatinine, and organic acids move from_______ or________ into filtrate |
|
Definition
| peritubular capillaries or tubule cells |
|
|
Term
| what eliminates undesirable substances that have been passively reapsorbed (e.g., urea and uric acid)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dispose of substances that are bound to plasma protein and rids the body of excess K+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls blood pH by altering amounts of H+ or HCO3- in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the number of solute particles in 1kg of H2O and reflects ability to cause osmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmolality of body fluids is expressed in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the kidneys maintain osmolality of plasma at ________, using countercurrent mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions in two adjacent segments of the same tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| filtrate flow in the loop of Henle is which countercurrent mechanism? |
|
Definition
| countercurrent multiplier |
|
|
Term
| blood flow in the vasa recta is which countercurrent mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of countercurrent mechanisms? |
|
Definition
-establish and maintain an osmotic gradient (300 mOsm to 1200 mOsm) from renal cortex through the medulla
- allow the kidneys to vary urine concentration |
|
|
Term
| Na+ and Cl- are passively reabsorbed in the _________ and actively reabsorbed in the __________ |
|
Definition
thin segment
thick segment |
|
|
Term
| what limb is freely permeable to H2O, which passes out of the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary intestitial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what limb does the filtrate osmolality increases to ~1200 mOsm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what limb is impermeable to H2O, selectively permeable to solutes, and filtrate osmolality decreases to 100 mOsm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what limb has filtrate osmolality that increases to ~1200 mOsm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
urea recycling
- urea moves between the ________ and the ______
-secreted into filtrate by facilitated diffusion in the ascending thin segment
-reabsorbed by facilitated diffusion in the collecting ducts deep in the medulla
-contributes to the high osmolality in the medulla |
|
Definition
| collecting ducts and loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
| what maintain the osmotic gradient, deliver blood to the medullary tissues, and protects the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt, and by removing reabsorbed H2O |
|
Definition
| countercurrent exchanger: vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| what is the formation of dilute urine |
|
Definition
1) filtrate is diluted in the ascending loop of henle
2) in the absence of ADH, dilute filtrate continues into the renal pelvis as dilute urine
3) Na+ and other ions may be selectively removed in the DCT and collecting duct, decreasing osmolality to as low as 50 mOsm |
|
|
Term
| fomation of concentrated urine |
|
Definition
1) depends on the medullary osmotic gradient and ADH
2) ADH triggers reabsorption of H2O in the collecting ducts
3) facultative water reabsorption occurs in the presence of ADH so that 99% of H2O in filtrate is reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that enhance the urinary output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances not reabsorbed, (e.g., high glucose in a diabetic patient) |
|
|
Term
| an example of ADH inhibitors is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of substances that inhibit Na+ re absorption and obligatory H2O re absorption is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time |
|
|
Term
| renal clearance tests are used to what? |
|
Definition
| determine GFR, determine glomerular damage, and follow the progress of renal disease |
|
|
Term
| renal clearance = ________/________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concetration (mg/ml) of the substance in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow rate of urine formation (ml/min) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of the same substance in plasma |
|
|
Term
true or false
renal clearance is for any substance freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys (e.g., insulin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
RC= GFR = 125 ml/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if RC < 125 ml/min, the substance is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if RC = 0, the substance is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if RC > 125 ml/min, the substance is? |
|
Definition
| secreted (most drug metabolites) |
|
|
Term
| what is the color and transparency of urine? |
|
Definition
-clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome)
-drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet can alter the color
-cloudy urine may indicate a urinary tract infection |
|
|
Term
| what is the odor of urine? |
|
Definition
- slightly aromatic when fresh
- develops ammonia odor upon standing
- may be altered by some drug and vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- slightly acidic ~pH 6, with a range of 4.5 to 8.0
- diet, prolonged vomiting, or urinary tract infections may alter pH |
|
|
Term
| what is the specific gravity of urine? |
|
Definition
| 1.001 to 1.035, dependent on solute concetration |
|
|
Term
chemical composition of Urine
______ water and ______ solutes
nitrogenous wastes: ______,________, and _______
other normal solutes
-______,_______,__________,and ________
-________,_________, and _________
abnormally high concentrations of any constituent may indicate pathology |
|
Definition
95% and 5%
urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Na+, K+, PO4 3-, and SO4 2-
Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of wall of ureter? |
|
Definition
1) lining of transitional epithelium
2) smooth muscle muscularis
- contracts in response to stretch
3) outer adventitia of fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, preventing backflow of urine. the ureters convey urine from kidney to what _________
ureters are retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are kidney stones called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kidney stone are crystallized ________,________, or________ |
|
Definition
| calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts |
|
|
Term
| kidney stones may be due to? |
|
Definition
| chronic bacterial infection, urine retention, high Ca2 in blood, and high pH of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular sac for temporary storage of urine |
|
|
Term
urinary bladder is located retroperitoneal, _______ posterior to_________
-males prostate gland surrounds the neck_______
- females urinary bladder is anterior to the vagina and uterus |
|
Definition
on pelvic floor
pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra
infections tend to persist in this region |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of the bladder wall? |
|
Definition
1) transitional epithelial mucosa
2) thick detrusor muscle (three layers of smooth muscle)
3) fibrous adventitia (peritoneum on superior surface only) |
|
|
Term
| when does the rugae appear in the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| when the urinary bladder collapses when empty |
|
|
Term
| urinary bladder expands and rises ________ during filling without significant rise in internal pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular tube lining epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what tissue does urethra have? |
|
Definition
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, except
-transitional epithelium near bladder
-stratified squamous epithelium near external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
| which sphincter is involuntary (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction and contracts to open? |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| which sphincter is a voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor? |
|
Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
female urethra (3-4 cm)
tightly bound to the ________ vaginal wall
external urethral orifice is __________ to the vaginal opening, ____________ to the clitoris |
|
Definition
anterior
anterior
posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prostatic urethra (2.5 cm) is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membranous urethra (2 cm) passes? |
|
Definition
| through the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| spongy urethra (15 cm) passes? |
|
Definition
| through the penis and opens via the external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the simultaneous events that happens before urination? |
|
Definition
1) contraction of detrusor muscle by ANS
2) opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
3) opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| pontine control centers mature between ages ____ and _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pontine storage center inhibits micturition does what? |
|
Definition
-inhibits parasympathetic pathways
-excites sympathetic and somatic efferent pathways |
|
|
Term
| pontine micturition center promotes micturition does what? |
|
Definition
-exites parasympathetic pathways
-inhibits sympathetic and somatic efferent pathways |
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