Term
| Urinary system structures: |
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Definition
2 kidneys
2 ureters
urinary bladder
urethra |
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Term
| Urinary system functions: |
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Definition
Regulates
blood pressure
electrolyte content of blood
pH balance of blood
tissue fluid
eliminates urine |
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Term
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Definition
retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum)
below diaphragm
within rib cage
cushioned by adipose tissue
Covered by renal fascia (fibr. conn. Tissue)
hilus – indention on medial side |
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Term
| INTERNAL KIDNEY STRUCTURE 3 areas: |
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Definition
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer tissue layer made of renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules (parts of nephrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner tissue layer made of loops of Henle & collecting tubules (parts of nephron) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cavity formed by expansion of ureter within kidney at hilus |
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Term
| Funnel-shaped extensions called |
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Definition
| Calyces enclose papillae of renal pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal pyramids into calyces, to renal pelvis & into ureter |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural & functional unit of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nephrons form urine in association w/ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bowman’s capsule is expanded end of |
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Definition
| Renal tubule that encloses glomerulus; inner layer (podocytes) creates spaces/pores (permeable); outer layer has no pores; space between contains renal filtrate |
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Term
| Renal tubule continues from |
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Definition
| Bowman’s capsule surrounded by peritubular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
1) proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubules
collecting tubules |
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Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Collecting tubules unite to form a |
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Definition
| Papillary duct that empties into calyx of renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
Renal artery
Capillaries/Glomeruli
Renal vein |
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Term
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Definition
receives blood from abdominal aorta
branches extensively w/in kidney into smaller branches |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
receives blood from glomeruli
takes blood to the inferior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
| Abdominal aorta – renal artery – smaller arteries in kidney – afferent arterioles in renal cortex – glomeruli – efferent arterioles – peritubular capillaries – veins in kidney – renal vein – inf. Vena cava |
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Term
| FORMATION OF URINE - 3 major processes: |
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Definition
1. Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion |
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Term
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Definition
• Blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances & small proteins out of glomeruli & into Bowman’s capsule (renal filtrate)
Blood cells & larger proteins remain in blood
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) – amount of renal filtrate formed in 1 min. |
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Term
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Definition
• Takes place from renal tubules into peritubular capillaries
~ 99% filtrate reabsorbed back into blood; only 1% enters renal pelvis as urine
Most reabsorption occurs in proximal convoluted tubules whose cells have microvilli (> surface area)
Distal convolutes tubules & collecting tubules reabsorb h2o |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Reabsorption: |
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Definition
• Active transport – cells use ATP to move useful materials to blood (glucose, amino acids, vitamins & + ions)
Passive transport – many – ions
Osmosis – follows absorption of minerals, esp. Na+ ions
Pinocytosis – small proteins absorbed by cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
• Changes composition of urine
Substances are actively secreted from blood into peritubular capillaries into filtrate in renal tubules
Waste products & metabolic products of meds. H+ ions may be secreted by tubule cells to maintain normal blood ph |
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Term
| Hormones influencing water reabsorption: |
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Definition
1. Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| Distal convoluted tubules & collecting tubules able to reabsorb water from filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
1. Secretion of renin
Secretion of erythropoietin
Activation of vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
• Secreted by walls of afferent arterioles when BP decreases
Initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism to raise BP
End product, angiotensin II, causes vasoconstriction & increase secretion of aldosterone |
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Term
| Secretion of erythropoietin |
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Definition
• Hormone secreted when blood O2 level decreases
Stimulates red bone marrow to increase rate of RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| Converted to calcitrol (D2) which increases absorption of calcium & phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
• Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
The Urination reflex |
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Term
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Definition
• Smooth muscle
Each extends from hilus of kidney to lower, backside of urinary bladder
Smooth muscle of walls propel urine toward bladder in peristaltic waves
Lower ends compressed as bladder fills, preventing backflow |
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Term
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Definition
• Mucosa
Trigone
Detrusor muscle
Muscular sac
Reservoir for urine
Contracts to eliminate urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Urethra carries urine from bladder to exterior |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle layer of wall that forms a sphere; when contracts becomes smaller & volume diminishes; muscle fibers around urethral opening form internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) |
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Term
| External urethral sphincter |
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Definition
• Skeletal muscle on pelvic floor
under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
• Urination is aka: micturition or voiding
Stimulus is stretching of detrusor muscle
Can be prevented by voluntary contraction of external urethral sphincter (until too full)
Spinal cord reflex where voluntary control may be exerted |
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Term
| Mucosa (transitional epithelium) allows |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Points of triangle are openings of ureters & urethra |
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Term
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Definition
Amount
Color
Specific gravity
pH
Constituents
Nitrogenous wastes |
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Term
| Normal kidney urine output |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Excess sweating or diarrhea, causing body to conserve water |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive fluid intake, alcohol; increased urine formation & output |
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Term
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Definition
• “Straw” or “amber” due to breakdown of bile
Concentrated urine is deeper yellow than dilute urine.
Freshly voided urine is clear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of dissolved materials in urine; indicator of kidney’s concentrating ability |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally between 4.6 & 8.0 (avg. 6.0); greatly influenced by diet |
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Term
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Definition
| Salts are not considered true waste products but excess amts. Are eliminated in urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Urea (liver cells), creatinine (creatine phosphate metab.), uric acid (metab. Nucleic acids), and sm. Amts. Urobilin (from Hgb of old rbcs) |
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Term
| Kidney related abnormalities |
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Definition
Floating kidney
Renal failure
Anemia
Kidney stones
UTI |
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Term
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Definition
| One that has moved out of Nl. Position; ureter may become twisted or kinked |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability of kidneys to Fx properly; prerenal (in blood flow to kidneys), intrinsic (prob. W/kidneys) or postrenal (somewhere else in urinary tract) |
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Term
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Definition
| Artificial kidney machine filters blood |
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Term
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Definition
Consequence of renal failure; hemodialysis can’t reverse
Stoppage of erythropoietin production |
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Term
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Definition
Aka renal calculi
Concentrations of crystals of salts (calcium or uric acid) that most likely form in renal pelvis & cause intense pain & bleeding
May cause backup of urine & possible kidney damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| UTI Bacteria usually from |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which structure carries urine from bladder out of body?
hilus
nephron
trigone
ureter
urethra |
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Definition
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Term
a) Outer tissue layer of kidney is called renal _____.
capsule
cortex
medulla
pelvis
pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
a) The _____ is the capillary network of the nephron.
Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which structure carries urine from kidney to bladder?
hilus
nephron
trigone
ureter
urethra |
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Definition
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Term
a) Inner tissue layer of kidney, containing loops of Henle and collecting tubules, called renal _____.
capsule
cortex
medulla
pelvis
pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
a) The _____ encloses the capillary network of the nephron.
Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
a) The cavity formed by expansion of ureter within kidney, at hilus, is called renal _____.
capsule
cortex
medulla
pelvis
pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which process involves blood pressure forcing plasma out of glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule within nephron?
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which secretion of the kidneys influences blood pressure?
bilirubin
calcitrol
erythropoietin
renin
urea |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which process involves incorporation of most of the filtrate back into the blood?
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which secretion influences red blood cell production?
bilirubin
calcitrol
erythropoietin
renin
urea |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which process changes the composition of urine, releasing waste products into the filtrate?
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which characteristic of urine measures dissolved materials in urine and indicates kidney’s concentrating abilities?
amount
color
constituents
nitrogenous wastes
specific gravity |
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Definition
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Term
a) Which of the following medical terms means “little production of urine?”
anuria
dysuria
minuria
oliguria
polyuria |
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Definition
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