Term
| When the liver converts amino acids into glucose the nitrogenous waste product, ______________ is produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver then converts the toxic ammonia into the less toxic waste product, _______, which is taken away by the blood to the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| As part of the urinary system, the kidney removes the urea, toxins, excess water and salts, from the bloodstream to produce _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ are the excretory organs of the urinary system, but they are also critical for the regulation of the blood volume and chemical composition. They also monitor and maintain the balance between water and salts in the blood, and secrete hormones during monitoring of blood pressure (influenced by hormones). |
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Definition
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Term
| The right kidney is slightly _________ than the left kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit the kidney at the hilus. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____________ surrounds each kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| The front section of the kidney shows 3 regions. What are they? |
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Definition
| renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis. |
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Term
| The ___________ is the outer region just inside the renal capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ is deep to the cortex with cone-shaped regions that are called the _______________ which are made of _______________. |
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Definition
| Renal medulla; renal pyramids; collecting ducts |
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Term
| Extensions of the renal cortex between the renal pyramids are the _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The renal pelvis is composed of the _______ and ________ ________ that collect urine formed in the filtering units, the ____________. |
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Definition
| major and minor calyces; nephrons |
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Term
| ___________ are the units that form urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nephrons are composed of a __________ and the __________. |
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Definition
| Renal corpuscle; renale tubule. |
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Term
| The renal corpuscle includes the ______________ (a ball of capillaries) that is surrounded by the _________________ or _________________. It is always in the ____________. |
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Definition
| glomerulus; glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule); renal cortex |
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Term
| The glomerulus derives from an _____________ capillary and becomes an _____________ capillary. |
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Definition
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Term
| The glomerular capsule is the beginning of the renal tubule, the tubules that will carry the ______________ taken from the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 3 main tubules in the kidneys. What are they? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| There are two types of nephrons based on the location of the loop of Henle. What are the two types? |
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Definition
Cortical nephrons (loop of Henle is in the cortex and a small portion into the medulla)
juxtamedullary nephrons (the loop of Henle droops deeply into the medulla) |
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Term
| The layer covering the glomerulus is made of _____________, which coat the fenestrated endothelial walls of the glomerular capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| The podocytes are separated by _______________ that take the filtrate from the blood into the glomerular capsule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules the size of glucose, salts, urea, drugs and vitamins can pass through these ________________, but not large molectules such as plasma proteins and blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________________________ has cells with microvilli that reabsorb water, glucose, NA+ and Cl-, from the filtrate, returning them to the surrounding capillaries. |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
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Term
| ____________, ____________ and _____________ transport of Na+, K+, Cl- are resabsorbed or secreted during the passage of filtrate through the loop of Henle and DCT. |
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Definition
| Osmosis; passive and active transport |
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Term
| ______________ is 95% water and contains urea, toxins, and excess salts. |
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Definition
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Term
| The arteries in the renal cortex branch into ________________, one for each nephron. Each aferent arteriole divids repeatedly to form the capillary knot, the _______________. These same capillaries will form the ___________________. |
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Definition
| afferent arterioles; glomerulus; efferent arteriole |
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Term
| Each efferent arteriole branches into a second capillary network, the _____________ _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons may also branch into the _____________, capillaries that surround the loop of Henle in the medulla. Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta merge into venules, then the veins within the kidney to finally become the renal vein. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the junction of the afferent arteriole and the DCT, the ______________________, responds to blood pressure changes and to the pH filtrate. |
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Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
| ____________ are muscular tubes about 10" long that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| The surface of the mucosal lining of the ureter is _______________ epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urinary bladders temporarily stores __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bladder's muscularis has an extra longitduinal layer on the outside of the circular layer. These 3 layers form the ___________ muscle for voiding (emptying) the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| As the bladder fills, the _________________ epithelium and smooth muscle stretch, increasing the internal volume of the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ is a triangular smooth area between the ureter and ________________. It aids in urine flow but it can also be easily infected, especially in females. |
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Definition
| trigone; urethral openings |
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Term
| The __________ is a muscular tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. |
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Definition
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Term
| The urethra begins at the involuntary smooth muscle sphincter, the __________________ which opens as the parasympathetic causes the bladder to contract. This process is the ____________ reflex. |
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Definition
| internal urethral sphincter; micturition (urination) reflex |
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Term
| The urethra then passes through the ________________, a skeletal muscle sphincter in the ___________________. |
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Definition
| external sphincter; urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| During the micturition reflex the ________________ has already opened; however, voluntary control of _____________ can override the reflex. |
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Definition
| external sphincter (both) |
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Term
| The male urethra is 6-8 inches long. The male urethra passes through the _____________ gland is labeled the ___________ urethra, in the urogenital diaphragm it is the _______________ urethra, and in the penis, it is the _____________ urethra, before reaching the ___________________ orifice. |
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Definition
| prostate; prostatic; membranous; spongy or penile; external urethral orifice |
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