Term
| Urinary Cathethers can be used for many reasons (7 in book): |
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Definition
-administer contrast media
-collect urine for UA
-closed urinary collection system (measure output)
-collect contaminated urine
-relieve urethral obstruction
-maintain urine flow
-patient cleanliness |
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Term
| Types of urinary caths (4 in book): |
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Definition
-metal
-sterile polypropylene
-short, olive-tipped metal
-red-rubber |
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Term
| What types of urinary caths can be used on females? |
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Definition
-metal
-sterile polypropylene |
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Term
| What types of urinary caths can be used in male cats? |
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Definition
-short, olive-tipped metal (obstruction at tip of penis)
-red-rubber (continuous urine collection) |
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Term
| What types of urinary caths can be used on male dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name of the urinary cath with a bulb on the end? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you know how much saline to use when inflating the bulb the end of a Foley cath? |
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Definition
| inflation port usually tells you how much saline to use |
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Term
| How to determine what length of urinary cath to use? |
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Definition
| measure from tip of penis/vulva to neck of bladder |
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Term
| Possible complications of urinary caths? |
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Definition
-iatrogenic ascending UTI
-catheter breakage
-trauma to urethra, bladder |
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Term
| How often should you change a urinary cath and collection system? |
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Definition
-collection system every 72 hours
-cath as well if easily replaced |
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Term
| What kind of restraint is needed for dogs and cats when inserting a urinary cath? |
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Definition
dogs- usually just physical
healthy cat- sedation/anesthesia
sick cat- maybe just physical |
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Term
| In what body position should an animal be for insertion of a urinary cath? |
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Definition
-lateral usually
-female dogs can also be standing/sternal
-male cats can also be dorsal/lateral |
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Term
| How to prep a patient for urinary catheterization? |
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Definition
-clip long hair
-chlorhex/betadine on prepuce/vulva
-sterile gloves, lube
-may use 2% lidocaine jelly on gloves/speculum/cath |
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Term
| How to bandage a male dog after urinary catheterization? |
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Definition
-abdominal bandage to keep cath straight and clean
-make tape wings, suture to prepuce |
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Term
| How to bandage a female dog after urinary catheterization? |
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Definition
| -attach extension to real leg or tail base |
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Term
| How to bandage a cat after urinary catheterization? |
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Definition
| -attach tubing to tail or rear leg |
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Term
| How do you know when the catheter is in the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
| Advance it slowly through urethra until urine flows freely. |
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Term
| What is the urethral papilla? |
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Definition
| firm, round mass on ventral aspect of vagina, 3-5cm cranial to vulva |
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Term
Urine changes due to
-diabetes mellitus
-diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
DM: glucosuria, high SG
DI: very dilute, low SG |
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Term
| Urine with consistently low SG ( < 1.007) = |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine with high SG, usually from water deprivation ( > 1.032) |
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Definition
| hypersthenuria / concentrated |
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Term
| Urine with SG of 1.008 - 1.012 = |
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Definition
| isosthenuria, same SG as blood because kidneys aren't filtering |
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Term
| What is the "run-over effect"? |
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Definition
| When testing urine with dipstick, acid buffer from the protein test square runs onto pH test square and artificially lowers pH. |
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Term
| When should you screen for liver damage? |
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Definition
| 2-4pm because urobilinogen excretion highest |
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Term
| WBCs clumps in urine usually indicate ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The second most common cast is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Casts that looks like squares or other 4-sided polygons with crosses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Casts that look like rectangular prisms or "coffin lids." |
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Definition
| struvite aka triple phosphate |
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Term
| Casts that look like tiny bits of debris. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dipsticks are not very accurate for __, especially the test square for ___. |
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Definition
| cats, leukocytes (always comes up +) |
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Term
| Don't rely on dipsticks to accurately measure ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| When using a refractometer to find the SG of urine, read the scale that starts at ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Crenated RBCs in urine probably originated close to the ___. |
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Definition
| bladder - RBCs from kidney would be totally lysed |
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Term
| The smallest circular spots we see on a urine sample slide are ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A cellular cast signals ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a urine sample's SG is higher than what is shown on the scale, how can you get an exact SG? |
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Definition
| Mix 0.2mL urine with 0.2mL distilled water. Double the number after the decimal. (eg comes up 1.032, it's really 1.064) |
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Term
| How does the water deprivation test work? |
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Definition
| Take urine sample beforehand and measure SG, then deprive pt of water. Take periodic urine samples and compare SGs to original - should ^SG over time. If not, kidneys are shot. |
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Term
| Descriptive terms for urine turbidity (eg what would you record on a UA report?) |
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Definition
clear
hazy
cloudy
opaque
flocculant |
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Term
| 3 methods of collecting a urine sample: |
|
Definition
-free catch
-catheterization
-cystocentesis |
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Term
| If using a free catch urine sample, the pH may be artifically ___ because of ___. |
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Definition
| elevated pH from cleaning products on catch container |
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Term
| How does urine change over time, even if preserved? |
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Definition
^pH (more alkaline)
casts dissolve
RBCs crenate, then lyse
^bacteria
^crystals |
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Term
| How is rabbit and horse urine different? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parameters of gross appearance of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| SG is an indicator of the... |
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Definition
| function of the renal tubules |
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Term
Normal SG of urine for:
-cats
-dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative speeds of centrifuge for urine, blood, hematocrit: |
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Definition
urine- slow
blood- medium
hematocrit- fast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| On what power should you read a urine sample for casts? For everything else? |
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Definition
casts: LPF (10x)
everything else: HPF (40x) |
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Term
| Tips for viewing a urine sample under the scope? |
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Definition
| reduce light, partially close iris |
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Term
| ___ casts are common after surgery. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cast is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hardest to see cast is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Not the most difficult to see, but still hard to see cast: |
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Definition
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Term
| How to tell hyaline from waxy cast? |
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Definition
-waxy more refractile
-hyaline has smooth sides, waxy has convoluted or cracked sides |
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Term
| Calcium oxalate crystals are found in ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amorphous urates are found in ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| free hemoglobin in urine (from lysed RBCs) |
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Term
| Triple phosphate or struvite crystals are found in ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amorphous phosphates are found ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| When would you do an occult blood test on urine? |
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Definition
| If urine is not red and no RBCs are seen on slide, but dipstick reads + for blood. |
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Term
| Parasite that may be found in urine? |
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Definition
| Capillaria plica aka bladder worm |
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Term
| Fat droplets in urine are common in what animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| More than ___ leukocytes per field on 40x indicates ___ of urogenital tract. |
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Definition
| More than 5 leukocytes per field on 40x indicates inflammation of urogenital tract. |
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Term
| Carnivores normally have ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Herbivores normally have ___ urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| False positive glucose levels can be caused by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic urine can be due to: |
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Definition
-normal for carnivores
-nursing foal/calf
-high protein diet
-starvation
-fever
-metabolic acidosis
-muscle breakdown (myoglobinuria) |
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Term
|
Definition
| myoglobin in the urine as a result of muscle breakdown |
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Term
| Alkaline urine can be due to: |
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Definition
-normal for herbivores
-UTI (bact. waste)
-metabolic or resp. alkalosis
-urinary retention
-delay in analysis
-contaminants |
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Term
| Causes for blood in urine: |
|
Definition
-trauma via collection
-inflammation of urogenital tract
-proestrus, estrus, postpartum |
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Term
| RBCs in urine can be lysed by 3 things: |
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Definition
-alkalinity
-letting urine sit for too long
-dilute urine |
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