Term
|
Definition
| sieve for macromolecules; keeps proteins/cells in |
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Term
|
Definition
| reabsorb metabolites like glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and water |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete metabolites such as H, NH3, K, KCO3 into the urine |
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Term
| What part of the kidney is responsible for concentrating the urine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the kidney is responsible for getting rid of wastes like urea? |
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Definition
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Term
| An animal with problems of the glomerulus and/or tubules will have what CS? |
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Definition
| systemic water/pH/electrolyte imbalances, and eventually, renal failure |
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Term
| How to ensure a non-contaminated cysto sample? |
|
Definition
-clip fur
-clean skin
-change needle before placing in sterile container |
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Term
| Causes of blood in the urine aside from infection or disease? |
|
Definition
-catheterization
-cystocentesis
-manual expression of bladder
-estrus |
|
|
Term
| Normal # of WBCs/RBCs to see in a urine sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemolysis increases the amount of ___ in the urine. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hematuria or hemoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
| Hematuria vs Hemoglobinuria |
|
Definition
Hematuria: whole RBCs in urine
Hemoglobinuria: lysed RBCs in urine |
|
|
Term
| True vs False Hemoglobinuria |
|
Definition
True: vascular hemolysis
False: lysed RBCs in urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| methemoglobin or myoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygen with pigment of muscle, indicates muscle damage |
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Term
| Gross examination consists of observing the ___, ___, and ___ of urine. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cloudy urine with mucus is normal for: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cloudy urine with crystals is normal for: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Refrigeration can make urine ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Refractometer measures what exactly? |
|
Definition
| density of urine relative to distilled water which is 1.000. |
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|
Term
| Normal range of SG of urine: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentrated urine has an SG of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dilute urine has an SG of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for "dilute" urine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Isosthenuric urine has an SG of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How to determine isosthenuria? |
|
Definition
| serial samples, if SG remains fixed at 1.008 - 1.012 it's isosthenuric |
|
|
Term
| How much of the kidneys are destroyed by the time a patient has isosthenuria? |
|
Definition
| 2/3 nephrons non-functional |
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|
Term
| Why is it important to know how many mL of urine are spun for a UA? |
|
Definition
| Concentration of urine matters when assessing # of proteins, cells, etc. Eg: 2+ protein in dilute urine vs 2+ protein in concentrated urine |
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Term
| Urobilinogen in the urine may indicate ____, but... |
|
Definition
| liver Dz, but you'd probably see CS as well |
|
|
Term
| Best time to detect nitrites in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of urine chemistry do we typically use: |
|
Definition
-protein
-pH
-occult blood
-ketone
-bilirubin
-glucose |
|
|
Term
| Urine chemistry refers to what test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrites in the urine indicate: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of bilirubin by bacteria in intestine, hepatic recirculation |
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|
Term
| One of the best indicators of UT Dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3+ to 4+ protein in the urine suggests: |
|
Definition
| glomerular Dz, specifically loss of albumin |
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|
Term
| 1+ to 2+ protein in the urine suggests: |
|
Definition
| tubular resorption problems |
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|
Term
| Causes for protein in the urine other than disease or infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose in dog urine generally indicates ___, whereas glucose in cat urine usually indicates ___. |
|
Definition
dog: Diabetes mellitus
cat: stress |
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|
Term
| Why is it important to know pH before examining urine under the 'scope? |
|
Definition
-ID crystals- some only found in acidic or alkaline urine
-affects shape of blood cells |
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|
Term
| As urine sits around waiting to be analyzed, what happens to the pH? |
|
Definition
| rises, becomes more alkaline because bacteria create ammonia |
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Term
| High protein, meat-heavy diet causes a more ___ urine. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Herbivores have more ___ urine, whereas carnivores have more ___ urine. |
|
Definition
Herb: alkaline
Carn: acidic |
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|
Term
| Anorexia results in a more (pH) urine because... |
|
Definition
| more acidic because body is destroyed muscle which is protein |
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|
Term
| Hematuria is defined as... |
|
Definition
| abnormal increase in RBCs in the urine |
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|
Term
| UTIs and cystitis occur in (pH) urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of occult blood, dipsticks are sensitive to what blood compounds? |
|
Definition
-RBCs
-methemoglobin
-myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| How to determine if a dipstick positive for blood is due to hematuria, methemoglobin, or myoglobin? |
|
Definition
spin down sample, look at supernatant color
-no color: hematuria
-reddish: methemoglobin or myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| If an animal is icteric, you would expect to get a positive ___ result on the dipstick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do RBCs change as they sit in urine? |
|
Definition
-lose color
-crenate or lyse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal increase in WBCs |
|
|
Term
| Pyuria usually indicates ____ but could also be due to ____. |
|
Definition
| Usually inflammatory response, could be smegma |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of RBCs in really concentrated urine. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| WBCs are around __ to __ times larger than RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Color of fresh RBCs in using: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs in fresh urine at SG ___ to ___ will have a normal disc shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that are swollen because of dilute urine, appear pale and ghostly, may lyse eventually |
|
|
Term
| Fatty inclusions may appear in... |
|
Definition
| Older specimens, inside epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Largest cell seen in urine: |
|
Definition
| Squamous epithelial, can fold over or be clustered |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of transitional epithelial cells: |
|
Definition
| Round, may have tail, or be spindle-shaped; larger than WBCs |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of renal cells: |
|
Definition
| Same size as WBCs, very round |
|
|
Term
| Increased # of transitional cells indicates... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transitional cells come from: |
|
Definition
| Bladder, ureters, urethra |
|
|
Term
| Increased # of renal cells indicates: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of neoplasia from PP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You may find neoplasia in specimens collected via... |
|
Definition
| urinary catheter - usually cath on purpose because you suspect cancer |
|
|
Term
| On what power should you look for bacteria in urine? |
|
Definition
| high-dry, or oil immersion if you really need to |
|
|
Term
| Tips for finding bacteria in a sample? |
|
Definition
-focus up and down
-look for non-Brownian movement
-needs to be in high #s to detect
-may stick to other cells
-bacteria infection probably = ^WBCs
-can dry and Gm stain slide |
|
|
Term
| Describe how bacterial UTI changes the pH of the urine. |
|
Definition
| bacteria produce ammonia which binds with H and makes it more alkaline |
|
|
Term
| Triple phosphates are also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triple phosphate appearance: |
|
Definition
| rectangular prisms, coffin lids |
|
|
Term
| Calcium oxylate appearance: |
|
Definition
Dihydrate: squares with X's, envelopes
Monohydrate: dumbbells, spindles, ovals, picket fences, beveled rectangles |
|
|
Term
| Two forms of calcium oxylate crystals: |
|
Definition
-dihydrate (pathogenic in large #s)
-monohydrate (always pathogenic) |
|
|
Term
| Ethylene glycol results in what sort of urine crystals? |
|
Definition
| monohydrate calcium oxylate |
|
|
Term
| Dogs and cats with _____ crystals may have or develop urolithiasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species normally have a low # of calcium oxylate crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which crystals are called "thorn apples"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonium biurate appearance: |
|
Definition
| yellow/brown, spherical with spicules |
|
|
Term
| Thorn apple crystals indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tyrosine crystals indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needles, frost-like appearance |
|
|
Term
| What can cause benign crystals that look like tyrosine crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cystine crystals indicate... |
|
Definition
| inherited metabolic issue in which renal tubule reabsorption is defective (not reabsorbing AA cystine) |
|
|
Term
| Who is most likely to get cystine crystals? |
|
Definition
| almost exclusively male dogs, it's a sex-linked problem |
|
|
Term
| Cystine crystals may cause... |
|
Definition
| urolithiasis, no other problems |
|
|
Term
| Type of drug most likely to cause crystals? What other drugs? |
|
Definition
sulfa drugs most common
also rad contrast material, ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| Ampicillin use my cause crystals that look like... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilirubin crystal appearance: |
|
Definition
| varied, mostly common needle-like clusters; can also look worm-like |
|
|
Term
| If you see needle-like crystals, how could you determine whether or not they were bilirubin crystals? |
|
Definition
| dipstick would show positive bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Are bilirubin crystals significant? |
|
Definition
-not in dogs in low #s
-investigate further in cats/horses/cows |
|
|
Term
| Which crystal is normal in low #s in dogs, but requires further investigation in cats, horses, and cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium carbonate crystals are common in... |
|
Definition
| horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats |
|
|
Term
| Calcium carbonate appearance: |
|
Definition
| large yellow or colorless spheres with striations |
|
|
Term
| Identifying the type of cast is important for... |
|
Definition
| localizing injury in the kidney |
|
|
Term
| Finding any # of cast is usually abnormal because... |
|
Definition
| it implies some degree of injury to the kidney |
|
|
Term
| General appearance of a cast: |
|
Definition
-cylindrical
-parallel sides
-finite lengths |
|
|
Term
| Does the number of casts increase or decrease as a specimen ages? |
|
Definition
| decrease- casts degrade quickly! |
|
|
Term
| What artifacts can resemble casts? |
|
Definition
-lube (if cath used to collect urine)
-mucus from free-catch from horse |
|
|
Term
| Casts may indicate ___, ___, or ___. |
|
Definition
| disease, infection, inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loops of Henle, travel through tubules |
|
|
Term
| Name of important mucus protein that traps debris in loops/tubules of kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucus protein that is believed to be the primary structural unit of all casts; it traps debris in loops/tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hard to see
-refractile
-rounded ends |
|
|
Term
| Significance of hyaline casts: |
|
Definition
-can be normal
-can result from exercise, dehydration, mild renal damage |
|
|
Term
| Cellular cast appearance: |
|
Definition
| hyaline cast with cellular inclusions; can see granular WBCs, etc |
|
|
Term
| Significance of cellular casts: |
|
Definition
acute tubular degeneration
RBCs: hemorrhage, inflammation
WBCs: infection, will also see WBCs free in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-very refractile
-can use Sudan stain to verify |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significance of fatty casts? |
|
Definition
cats: renal Dz
dogs: diabetes mellitus
lots of them: tubular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Granular cast appearance: |
|
Definition
| -cells degraded, can't be ID'd, just look granular |
|
|
Term
| Significance of granular casts: |
|
Definition
tubular degeneration
can follow strenuous exercise
-coarse = early
-fine = late |
|
|
Term
| Significance of waxy casts: |
|
Definition
| chronic tubular degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wider than hyaline
-square or broken edges
-dull, not refractile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal frequent urination of small volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased output/urine production; usually with PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased urine production/elimination |
|
|
Term
| Oliguria may result from... |
|
Definition
| shock, dehydration, renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| storage of urine in bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emptying bladder, urinating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty or pain with urination |
|
|
Term
| How to tell amorphous urates from amorphous phosphates? |
|
Definition
urates = acidic = have color
phosphates = alkaline = clear |
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