Proper

Before administration of therapeudics

Preprandial 

Natural voiding

Bladder expression

Catherization

Cystocentesis 

Clean container

Wash vagina/prepuce

Midstream

Cows - rubbing ventral to vulva

Sheep - pinch nose

Horse - rubbing warm wet cloth on ventral abdomen

Clean external genitalia

Standing or lateral recumbency

Gentle steady pressure 

Clean external genitalia

Avaoid trama to urinary tract

Collect into sterile syringe 

Discard first part or sample 

Sterile sample used for bacterial cultures

Male dogs - caudal to umbilicus and side of sheath

Female dogs and cats - vebtral midline caudal to umbilicus 

22 - 20 gauge and 1 - 1.5 inch needle

Collect 6 mls

Urinalysis within 30 mins

6-12 hours refrigeration

Perserved by adding 1 drop of 40% formalin in 1 oz or urine

Urine volume

Color

Clarity/Transparency

Odor

Specific gravity 

Weight of liquid compared to equal amounts of distiled water

Measured with a refractometer

Dogs - 1.001 - 1.06

Cats - 1.001 - 1.08

Complete abscence of urine

Seen with kidney failure, antifreeze posion, and ruptured bladder

Low specific gravity

Polyuria

High specific gravity 

Oliguria

Foam

Bile pigments

Liver/heart disease

Presence of RBCs or hemoglobin

Anemia/bladder trama

Normal urine doesnt contain a lot of sediment 

Morning samples are best

Sedistain

10x for larger

40x for cells/bacteria

Largest

Flat and thin

Staright edges with corners that sometimes fold

Not found with cystocentesis

Line bladder wall

Usually round

Granular and have small nucleuses

Rare

Smallest

Usually round with large nucleus

Renal tubuells

Clear and colorless

Most common

Seen with high fever

Tubuolles of kidneys

dissolve in alkaline

Hyaline casts with granules

Easiest to see

Acute renal failure

Wide with sqaure ends

Dull and waxy appearance

Chronic kidney problems

Contain small droplets of fat

Common in cats with chronic renal disease

Depends on:

• PH of urine
• Concntration of urine
• Environment/temperature 

Numbered as occassional/few/moderate/many

6 - 8 sided prism with tapering sides and ends

"Coffin lids"

Can turn into solid stone

Most common in blocked cats

Common in horse and cats

No clinical signifficant 

Small squares containing an X

Common

PH = acidic to neutral

Small number normal in dogs amd horses

Small and dumbell shaped or elongated and pointed at each end

"Picket fence"

Large

Found with stones and antifreeze

Not common

Numerous

Round with many lines radiating from their center

Can be found in any type or urine

Brown and round with long irregular spicules

"Thorn apples"

Found with sever liver disease and shunts

Usually diamond or rhombois

Appear yellow to brown

Wide and flat

Not common in dogs and cats

Found in Dalmations 

Wheel or pin cushion shaped

Yellow or brown

Small

Liver disease

Dark and have needle like projections

Shinny

Not common

Liver disease

Flat and hexagonal

Colorless and thin

Renal tubular disfunction or stones

Yellow-red to reddish brown needles or granules

Small

Found in highly concintrated urine

Brown to yellow brown

Spherules or many sizes

Natural in cats

Not signifficant

Stones

May block urethra or remain in the bladder and cause inflammation and bleeding

Vary in size

Big problem for males

Red rubber - short term in male cats

Foley - long term in dogs

Polypropillene - hard plastic and long/ short term

Tom cat - short term/ plastic 

Normal blood glucose will be 170 - 180

Negative is normal

Measured with a dip stick

Ph/protein/glucose/ketones/blood

Leukocytes/nitrate/bilirubin

Capillaria Plica - bladder worm of dogs and cats

Dioctophyma renale - kidney worm in dogs

Microfilaria 

Sperm

Fat droplets

Artifacts