Restoration of Aristocratic power following the Napoleonic Wars

1814-1815

This group, who were the enemies of Napoleon, decided the fate of post-revolutionary Europe. They redrew the boundaries of France. Monarchs from all over were invited to offer opinions and aide in the process. Their goal was to nullify revoultionary and Napoleonic reforms and restore old ways.

Restoration of Aristocratic power following the Napoleonic Wars

1773-1859 

He ran the congress of Vienna, and was the minister of the Austrian cabinet. His domestic policy involved a secret police. He wanted to ensure a moderate agreement that would check french aggression yet maintain Frances power status so no one power could dominate. He was largely successful until the 1840's. He resigned from Austria in 1848 and fled to England.

Restoration of Aristocratic power following the Napoleonic Wars

The Russian Tsar proposed the holy alliance between the monarchs of Europe. It said that Sweet Dancing Jehovah guaranteed the rule of each and that the monarchs had to support each other. Only Prussia and Austria signed the agreement, showing that the legitimacy of states depended on the treaty system, not divine right.

Decembrists and Nicholas I

Restoration of Aristocratic power following the Napoleonic Wars

Aleander I died suddenly leaving Nicolas I as tsar. Troops loyal to Constantine(Nicolas's older borther who had refused the crown) were called Decembrists because of the month they rose up in. Nicolas' troops easily put down the rebellion.

Industrialization and Urbanization

An English engineer who perfected the steam engine that could pull a wagon along a set of tracks.

Manchester

Industrialization and Urbanization

1820's

Along with Liverpool they were the first city for railway lines to open. Part of teh urban population surge during the industrial revolution. It's population rose 40% during this time.

Industrialization and Urbanization

1811-1812

 Groups of hoodlum weavers who broke factory machines because they feared getting displaced by them. They were named after the fictional character Ned Ludd, whose signature appeared on their manifestos.

Battle of Perterloo and the Six Acts

Industrialization and Urbanization

1819

A group of would-be reformers(wanted to reform Parliament) gathered in a field in St. Peterloo and held an open air conference. The cavalry was sent in and 11 were killed. This caused the government to pass the six acts which forbade large political meetings and restricted press criticism for a decade.

Industrialization and Urbanization

Raw Materials are bought by peasents for a sum; the peasants finish the material and sell it at the market.This was mostly rural.

Factory Act of 1833 and Mines Act in 1842

Industrialization and Urbanization

1833 and 1842

Factory Act- Outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine.

Mines Act- Prohibited the employment of women and girls underground

Industrialization and Urbanization

1847

This committee pressured parliament to limit the workday of women and hcildren to 10 hours.

Industrialization and Urbanization

Andrew Ure

Important Thinkers and Their Beliefs

David  Ricardo

Robert Owen

Friedrich Engles

Liberalism

Oppositionists to conservatives and revolutionaries. Emphasized constitutionalism and free trade above all else. More like today's conservatives.

Liberalism

Argued that revolutionaries made an error in creating a brand new government based on reason

Change must be gradual

Jermy Bentham and Utilitariansim

Liberalism

A philosopher who believed in the "Greatest good for the greatest number"

Liberalism

1846

The Corn Laws were English tariffs on foreign grain. Liberals organized themselves into the anti-corn law league while advocating free trade. They advocated lower food prices and eventually got their prime minister elected who repelled the laws.

Reform Bill of 1832

Liberalism

1832

This bill allowed a wider voting group but still only about 1/5 male Britons could vote.

Henry de Saint-Simon

Socialism and Communism

1771-1858

Helped found British socialism. A noble who participated in the American Revoultion. Coined the terms industrialism and industiralist. He belieed workd should be controlled by scientists, engineers and industrialists.

Socialism and Communism

1809-1865

A French socialist who wanted woerks to control the work process and eliminate the profits made by capitalists.

Socialism and Communism

Socialism - these people wanted to reform the society wholly. Most were utopians.

Communism - Takes socialism one step farther; these people wanted to abolish private property in favor of collective ownership.

Socialism and Communism

He believed that everyone was equal. He organized the communist league. He considered the middle/upper class demons and the lower class saviors.

The Communist Manifesto

Socialism and Communism

Karl Marx's stating that "History is class struggles" and "The new era belongs to the Bourgeoisie."

Socialism and Communism

The Bourgeoisie were the group of baby eating, soul stealing middle class capitalists who Marx thought were only interested in a free market because they would benefit from it. The proletarians, as Marx called them, were the heroic lower classes constantly smashed by the middle/upper classes for a profit.

Socialism and Communism

1836

It was drawn up by the Chartists in England; they demanded universal male suffrage, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications. In the end, it didn't work.

Socialism and Communist

These were the Bourgeosie. They were interested in a free market.

Nationalism

Nationalism and Romanticism

All peoples derive their identities form thier nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions, and sometimes religion.

Nationalism and Romanticism

 Decrees passed by Metternich which dissolved student societies and censored the press of Germany.

Nationalism and Romanticism

An Italian nationalist who was exiled from Italy in 1831 for his opposition to Austrian rule in Norther Italy. He founded young Italy which was a secret society which would touch off a European- wide revolutionary movement.

Zollverein

Nationalism and Romanticism

customs union

Nationalism and Romanticism

An Economist who argued the elimination of tariffs within Germany and would promote industrialization, cooperation, and enable the union to compete with the rest of Europe.

Nationalism and Romanticism

Russian nationalists who opposed werernization of Russia. They liked rural traditions and the Russian Orthodox Church.

Nationalism and Romanticism

An artistic movement of the early nineteenth century that glorified nature, emotion, genius, and imagination.

Nationalism and Romanticism

He was a revolutionary by explaining his aims in writing poetry.

Nationalism and Romanticism

French painter who glorified medieval scenes of turbulence with contrasting light and dark.

Nationalism and Romanticism

1770-1827

Helped establish the direction for musical romanticism and conveyed the impression of growth.

Reformers and efforts at Reform/Imperialism

1812-1970

He was an English author who wrote about the distressing effects of industrialization and urbanization.

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

1847

Was a female writer during the industrial revolutino who describes the difficult life of an orphaned girl who becomes a governess and refuses to become married. 

American Temperance Society

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

1831

This was the first temperance society. It saw drunkness as a sign of moral weakness and a threat to social order.

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

A society who tried to eliminate popular blood sports such as cockfighting and bearbaitin.

Starvation Act

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

All able-bodied persons recieving relief be placed in workhouses. Designed to be miserable, that the poor would be motivated to work

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

Women should live their lives entirely within the domestic sphere. They should devote themselves to the household and family.

Colonialism and Imperialism

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

Colonialism- Led to the establishment of settler colonies

Imperialism- Economic Exploitation and Political rule

East Indian Company

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

The British increased their control over India with this league of British merchants. With this control they trained Indians to take over administration jobs and army posts so that the British could still control them but put in less of their recources.

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

1839

Treaty of Nanking

Reformers and efforts and Reform/Imperialism

1842

British forced the opening of 4 more chinese ports to European, took rule of Hong Kong, received war indemnity, and insured the continuation of Opium trade 

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

1830, 1825

He dissolved legislature removing many wealthy and powerful voters from the rolls and imposed strict censorship. Compensated nobles for their loss of land by insisting on a Law of Sacrilege(impose the death penalty on those whole steal religous objects from the church).

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

1830

The revolution that overthrew Charles X and replaced him with Louis-Philippe, the duke of Orleans.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

New King after Charles X. Although he extended political liberties and voting rights, this didn't do anything for the lower/working classes and still, only 6% of the population could vote.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

The workships in France were set up to deal with the mass unemployment rate.They wee closed in 1848 resulting in the June Days.

Mobile Guard

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

 1848

To maintain control, the republican government paid unemployed youths to keep control in the form of an army.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

1840's

A communist who rose in Paris that led a demonstration of 150,000 workers against National Workshops.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

Fought Workers with Mobile Guard

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

1848

 A result of the closed national workships. Unemployed workers took the streets and barricaded themselves in.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

He was elected as president by the National Assembly. He had support because he was not involved with the June Days. In 1852, he declared himself emperor and set the manarchists and republicans against each other to stay in power.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

He led a campaign against Austria which failed because there was a lack of agreement of tactics and goals between the nationalists in the campaign.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

Congregated in Rome to organize the new republic. Both Mazzini and Garibaldi fled when there was foreign intervention. Although they fled, the hopes of unification in Italy did not die.

Frederick William IV(Prussia)

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

Largest ethnic group in Hungary whom demanded political autonomy, on March 13 1848. It failed because all the other ethnic groups preferred a monarchy. They abolished serfdom.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

He became the King of Austria in 1848. He defeated the last Italian Challenges to Austrian power in Northern Italy and afterwards he joined up with Croats and Serbs to take on Hungary.

Revolutions of 1830 (France), Revolutions of 1848: France, Italy, German States, Austrian Empire

1848

Demonstrations to force parliment into granting all adult males the right to vote. Parliment said no, and there were no further repercussions because in the past, parliament had proved its responsiveness.

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

1856-1939

Had a theory that every issue of fear you might have comes from  a deeply rooted problem that somehow involves sexuality. Freud laid the groundwork for understanding the human psych.

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

Freud believed that people were governed by fundamental forces that are hidden from the conscience. These forces are primitive strivings.

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

Called the iron chancellor. He created several reforms and essentially led catholics. Held the Berlin Conference from 1884-1995 to divide up Africa between European powers. Was dismissed by Kaiser William II in 1894.

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

Policies associated intitially with nation building that are said to be based on hard-headed realities rather than the romantic notions of earlier nationalists. The term has come to mean any policy based on considerations of power alone.

Realpolitik and Freud's Revolutionary Ideas About Human Nature

 1884-1885

Conference held by Otto von Bismark. He was chosen as a neutral party to divide up Africa and then hand out the land to the European powers.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Created through expanded political representation, developing journalism and male suffrage.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1879

He was the King of Prussia and the German emperor. He appointed Bismark to be the prime minister so that he could stop the gwoing pwer of the liberalsin the Prussian parliament. 

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1848

It doubled the Britsh electorate to around 4.5 million men while enfranchising many urban workers and artisans and thus diminishing traditional aristocratic influence in the countryside. This reflected the universal manhood suffrage already granted in Fance and in Germany.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Were one of many strikes held by women to improve their working conditions and pay. 

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

These parties were outlawed while Bismark tried to woo the working classes with an array of social progrmas such as ccident and disability insurance.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

A transnational organization of workers established in 1889 , mostly committed to Marxian socialism.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Flourished in rural Europe as people envisioned a life without being dominated by landlords and governments.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Was assassinated in 1901 as a result of anarchists. They wanted a life without being dominated by government.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

A Russian activist who migrated to western Europe after his release from confinement inSiberia and earned his reputation among Russian Marxists there with his hard-hitting journalism and political intrigue. He advanced the theory of that a highly disciplined socialist elite would lead a lightly industrialized Russia immediately into socialism.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Founded Womens Social and Political Union which believed woman could only obtain suffrage if men's property was threatened.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

The british government initiating a system of relief for the unemployed in 1911 which provided new taxes on the wealthy to fun the system, and eliminated teh veto power of the House of Lords.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1894, 1899

A Jewish military captain of France was charged with spying for the Germans. He was sent to Devil's Island and a few years later, documetns were found showing that the military had fabricated the whole affair.

She was a writer who published J'aause. The article published on the front page of a newspaper listed the real offenders and eroded most confidence in the army. Riots sprung up and Dreyfus was pardoned once the truth was revealed about the false trial. The results were that it showed that Anti-Semitism was a political tool soon to be engrained in main-stream politics.

Agrarian League (Germany)

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1890's

In Germany, Bismarcks's failed war against the Catholics led him to create insurances while outlawing the Social Democratic Party. In the 1890's, the agrrarian elites of Germany who controlled the highest politics loathed the urban industrial scene of Germany. These elite managed to convince Germany that all problems could be blamed on the Jews, New Women, and Social Democrats. This was reflected in politics because expressions of hatred and programs against the three groups became part of any campaign.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

The new mayor of Vienna based his campaign on Anti-Semitism and nationalism while demanding other ethnic groups. He destroyed teh fragile coexisting between ethnic groups that Austria-Hungary was based on.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Theodor Herzl was teh originator of Zionism, it was Jewish people who started resisting the pogroms in Russia and maltreatment other places and fled to the US. 

Alexander II

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1821

A terrorist group assassinated Tsar Alexander II, however, the expected peasat uprising never happened because the peasant thought that the attack on their "tsar liberator" was against them.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

A program for the integration of Russia's many nationality groups involving the forced acquistion of Russian language and the practice of Russian orthodoxy as well as teh settlement of ethnic Russians among other nationality groups.

Pogroms

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Anti-Semeitic raids in Russia, often government instituted.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

 1904

Russia and Japan came to heads over the control of asia. This was important because it was the first time a non-European power had defeated a European super power. This was also incredibly embarrassing for teh huge superpower because they were defeated by the supposedly inferior Asians.

Bloody Sunday

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

 1905

Peasants gathered around Tsar Nickolas II's Winter Palace. The finicky troops shot into the crowed killing hundreds. The news spread around Russia causing workers of all sorts to strike. Even the upper classes and professionals joined th battle for constitutional monarchy. The tsar created a representative body called the Duma which was enough to quell the revolution of 1905.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

Became Tsar after Alexander III. He continued the legacy of harsh pogroms. Was the tsar during Bloody Sunday.

Mass Politics, Working Class Movements, Anti-Semitism, Russia

1905

Representative Body created by Tsar Nicholas II in an effort to calm the mass strikes around Russia which happened in response to Bloody Sunday.