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| Effects of the fall of the Roman Empire |
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| Germanic invasions: ended empire, resources needed to defend border, economy slowed, political dislocation, disease spread, less food, western falls, Eastern Empire continues, trade disrupted, less tax revenue, economy more local and self-sufficient, inflation, can’t pay soldiers, less loyalty, dangerous borders, new political leadership, less merchants, cities look for protection, no jobs, diseases, general decline in conditions, food shortages, de-urbanization, rise of rural, feudalism begins |
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Vikings: attacked from North, had speedy boats, came and destroyed city before defenses were set up
Magyars- attacked from east/Hungary invaded Western Europe in 800’s, conquered N. Italy and reached as far Rhineland and Burgundy, did not settle and sold captives as slaves
Muslims- came south through Italy and Spain, Kings could not defend land, looked to local leaders, local leaders gained political strength |
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| The system in which the king gives portions of his land to trusted nobles to govern and/or give to their trusted men, this helped the king govern his lands effectively and keep them under his control |
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| in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals |
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| an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe |
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| a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services |
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| peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate |
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| a lord’s estate in feudal Europe |
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| a family’s payment of one tenth of its income to a church |
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| created in1100’s stated that a knight must bravely defend three masters, chosen lady, feudal lord, heavenly lord, supposed to protect the weak and the poor, stresses loyalty, courage, and devotion |
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| page began training to become a knight at age 7, he was sent to a lord’s house and he waited on host while he began to learn how to fight, at 14, he would become a squire and waited on a knight and acted as a servant to it, became full fledged knight at 21, the knight gained experience by fighting local wars and battles, also by mock battles and tournaments |
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Noble- could inherit land, act as military commander and warrior when husband is fighting, limited to home or convent, no property, had daily time to pray and bathe, had luxuries as scent and they could get an education
Peasant- endless labor in the house and on the fields, bore children and cared for families, daughters learned practical household skills, poor and powerless, made great economic contribution |
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| Changes in Late Medieval Period |
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| more technologies became available for use to increase production of many things like food, |
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| created around 800, the farmers used three fields instead of two, planted two fields instead of three and harvested 2/3 instead of ½ of the crops, well fed, less diseases, growth in population |
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| horses could plow 3x more than oxen, created better harnesses for the horses around 900 |
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| organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members, set quality of work, wages, and working conditions, most crafts ran by husband and wife, some like weaving and hat making were run by wives, long distance trade increased by 1000’s, established influence over gov’t. |
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| helped create Fairs and Trades days, peasants from nearby manors would come w/ items to trade, cloth most common trade item, other items were bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, knives ropes, no longer was everything self produced on a manor, more foreign good became available, reinvestment became more popular, letters of credit were used b/t merchants |
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a medieval merchant class town dweller, organized themselves and demanded privileges including freedoms from tolls and right to govern the town
Vernacular- the everyday language of people in a region or country |
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Changes in political systems and rights |
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| England became one of the first nations in Europe to develop a strong unified gov’t. Alfred the Great, an Anglo-Saxon king untied “the land of Angles” under the rule of him and his successors, William the conqueror declared all of England his and he kept 1/5 for personal use, Henry II came to throne and sent royal juries to every part of England at least once every year which collected taxes, settled disputes, and punished crimes |
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| invaded England with a Norman army after death of Edward in 1016, Harold Godwinson was an Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne as well, Oct. 14, 1066, Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the Battle of Hastings, Harold killed by an arrow to the eye, William the Conqueror declared all of England his property |
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| Henry II second son, John, was king, cruel to subjects, alienated church, highest taxes, nobles revolted and on June 15, 1215, forced john to sign Magna Carta, limited kings powers, ensured the nobles still had their feudal rights, taxation w/o representation, a jury trial, protection of the law applied to all citizens |
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| a body of representatives that makes the law for a nation, Edward I summoned two knight, two burgesses (Wealthy citizens) to serve as parliament, bishops and lords met as well, whenever a tax needed to be enforced |
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| General- the meeting of the First Estate, the Church leaders, the Second Estate, the Lords, and the Third Estate, commoners, wealthy landowners, merchants, helped increase royal power against nobility |
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| struck Asia, North Africa, and Europe in 1300, 1/3 of Europe’s population dies from it, Began in Asia, traveled along trade routes, took four years to reach every corner of Europe, killed 25 million in Europe and more in Asia and North Africa, town populations fell, trade declined, prices rose, serfs left manors, nobles resisted peasants demands for higher wages causing revolts, Jews were blamed for the plague, Church lost prestige when prayers didn’t work |
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| war b/t France and England, 1337-1453, victory passed b/t the two countries, b/t 1421 and 1453, France rallied and push England almost entirely out, ending the war, changed fighting styles, knights on horses looked down upon archers and foot soldiers until long bows were made |
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