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| monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of New World |
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| biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds |
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| Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration |
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| is a period of approximately 781 years in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, after the Islamic conquest in 711-718 to the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492. It comes before the discovery of the New World, and the period of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires which followed. |
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| Line dividing Spain & Portuguese |
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| trading ships the Spanish created |
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| the dispersion of any people from their original homeland |
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| western hemisphere: the hemisphere that includes North America and South America |
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| was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. Explored the Caribbean Islands, mistaken for discovering America. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal |
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| conquered the Moroccan of Ceuta in 1415 and then sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast, also crated of navigation school. |
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| in 1488 rounded Cape of Good Hope, & entered the Indian Ocean |
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| made the round trip to India in 1499 returning with a valuable cargo of pepper and cinnamon |
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| first sighted the Pacific Ocean in 1513 while searching for gold in Panama |
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| explored the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigated the world 1519-1522, |
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| English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) |
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| a store or small settlement established for trading, typically in a remote place. |
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| actual first world war, took place between 1754 and 1763 with the main conflict being in the seven-year period 1756–1763. It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. |
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| a branch of wealthy Europeans putting in a portion of money to be able to afford to go on expeditions |
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| was a Portuguese general, and a "great conqueror", a statesman, and a leading empire builder. |
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| English East Indian Company |
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| founded in 1600, & the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) relied on private merchants who advanced funds to launch the companies. |
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| capital city with first stock market |
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| a river much like the Mississippi River located in Europe, gave opportunities for trade in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and India |
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| The cathedral was built at the site of St. Peter's death. It originated as a small shrine built by the first Christian emperor to mark the probable location of St. Peter's tomb. |
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| assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization |
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| patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. |
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| the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism. |
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| the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century |
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| Tulsidas was a Hindu poet-saint, reformer and philosopher renowned for his devotion to the god Rama. |
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| Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. |
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| a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. |
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| a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
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| A theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole |
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| Non-violent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. |
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| The first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century. |
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| a Turkish army officer in the Ottoman military, revolutionary statesman, and the first President of Turkey |
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| the formative Ottoman Empire had been the center of the Islamic faith and the power of the eastern Mediterranean since the fourteenth century. |
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| was a global war centered in Europe that began on July 28th, 1914 and lasted until November 11th, 1918. |
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| familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures. |
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| the position, office, or department of a chancellor/ the official residence of a chancellor |
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| Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. |
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| a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland |
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| The Topkapı Palace is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years of their 624-year reign. |
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| The Ottoman Turks were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. |
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| The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of most nations by immigrants. |
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| "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action |
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| an Egyptian social critic who came to believe that the cure to political corruption, foreign influence, and materialistic culture could be found in a social transformation based on the original tenets of Islam. |
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| Ruler of Afghanistan from 1919. Caused an open revolt in his country when he attempted to institute modernist reforms. |
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| the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. |
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| limited the power of the king |
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