Term
| Introduction: Constantine I (the Great) |
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Definition
-reign: 324-337 AD
-son of Constantius
-fought to be a tetrarch (312 AD The Battle of Milvian Bridge
-became sole emperor of the Roman empire
-changed Byzantium into Constantinople (modern Istanbul)
-> Constantinople would become the Rome of the east
-supported Christians for personal and political reasons
->313 AD passed the Edict of Milan
~>calls for tolerance of Christianity
->mother was Christian
->Christianity was quickly spreasing
->converted to Christianity on death bed; "first Christian emperor"
-only he and Theodosius (reign: 379-395 AD) managed to rule the whole Roman empire |
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Term
| The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Movements of the People: Huns |
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Definition
-nomadic tribe from Asia
-fought on horseback |
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Term
| The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Movements of the People: Visigoths |
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Definition
-west Grmans
-feared attack by the Huns
-(376 AD)enter Roman territory with permission
->378 AD Visigoths rebel against Romans
~>Battle of Adrianople: Visigoths defeat the Romans on their own territory, making Rome vulnerable to Germanic invasion
-410 AD Visigoths sack the city of Rome
->from here own, every emperor was a puppet of the Germans |
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Term
| The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Movements of the People: Vandals |
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Definition
-406 AD Vandals travel through France/Spain towards North Africa
->439 AD settle pirate society at Carthage
~>disrupt trade and communication of the Roman empire |
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Term
| The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: The Fall |
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Definition
-476 AD Romulus Augustulus,the last emperor of the Western Roman empire, is deposed
-> Germans take control
->end of the Western Roman empire |
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Term
| The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Causes of the Fall |
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Definition
1. no system of succession
2. large size of the empire
3. Germanic invasions
4. dwindiling population
5. economic problems
->heavy taxes; small middle class
6. slavery
->people didn't look for innovation
7. Christianity
->emperor wasn't worshipped as a god
8. moral decay
9. lead poisoning from water pipes
10. military might |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Christianity |
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Definition
-started by Jesus
-spread by way of Roman roads |
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Term
| The Persecutions and Recognition of Christianity: Persecution: Causes |
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Definition
| -Christians were persecuted because Christians did not attedn Roman (pagan) ceremonies |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Persecution: Nero |
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Definition
-reign: 54-68 AD -written about by the historian Trajan in his The Annals
->first recorded persecution of Christians |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognitions of Christianity: Persecution: Trajan |
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Definition
-reign: 98-117 AD
-Pliny the Younger
->sent by Trajan to govern a land far from Rome
->wrote Letter to Trajan; Trajan replied in Trajan's Response to Pliny
~>both agreed that Christians should not be hunted, and that any Christian who repents should be forgiven |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Persecution: Diocletian |
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Definition
-reign: 284-305 AD
-autocarcy: wanted absolute power
->proclaimed himself a god
-Christians suffered worst persecution under him |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Recognitions: Constantine |
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Definition
-reign: 324-337 AD
-313 AD passes the Edict of Milan
->1st time Christianity was openly accepted
-Eusebius wrote about him in The Life of Constantine |
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Term
| The Persecutions and Recognition of Christianity: Recognition: Arius |
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Definition
-life: 256-336 AD
-priest in Alexandria
-began to questions god
->Could Christ, the son, have as much power as his father who created him?
->If God, the father and son, are both divine, aren't there 2 gods? Isn't Christianity polytheistic? |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Recognition: Council of Nicea |
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Definition
-occured 325 AD
-Constantine put it together
-group of priest and other officials
->dealt with Arius' questions and which books to put into the New Testament of the Christian Bible
-> decided that Jesus is equally divine to God; holy trinity (one god): father/son/holy spirit
->setup the Nicene Creed
~>original curses anyone who goes against the church, or is guilty of heresy (a religious opinion opposed to the Church's teachings) |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Recognition: Julian (the Apostate) |
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Definition
-reign: 361-363 AD
-nephew of Constantine
-wanted to return to the pagan religion
-was assassinated
->rumorS: by commaned of Church officials |
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Term
| The Persecution and Recognition of Christianity: Recognition: Theodoseus |
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Definition
-reign: 379-395 AD
-last emperor to rule the Roman empire as a whole
-ordered the closing of all pagan temples
-made Christianity the religion of the empire |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Christianity |
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Definition
-as Christianity became accepted:
->churches began to built
->at time, Universal/Roman Catholic(Orthodox) Churhc was the only Christian religion |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church: Positions |
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Definition
-laity: regular members
-clergy: priests, etc.
-churches
->started with one priest, got more as it grew
-bishop: oversees a geographic group of churches
-archbishop: oversees a large geographic group of churches
-patriarch: at time; Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Rome each had one (ROman patriarch = pope)
-cardinals: select archbishops who elect pope |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church: Petrine Doctrine |
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Definition
-named after peter, the 1st pope; the rock upon which the church was built
-says that the pope is the most powerful person in the Church |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church Fathers |
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Definition
| -setup the teachings of the Church |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church Fathers: St. Ambrose |
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Definition
-life: 337-397 AD
-from Milan in Northern Italy
-had amazing speaking abilities
->composed hymns (church songs), especially to teach illiterats (which were common) |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church Fathers: St. Jerome |
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Definition
-life: 340-420 AD
-translated the entire Christian Bible (old and new testaments) into Latin |
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Term
| Structure of the Church: Church Fathers: St. Augustine |
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Definition
-life: 354-430 AD
-from Hippo
-bad early life
->father died when he was young, raised by St. Monica (Santa Monica)
->involved with the Wreckers gang
->while in university, he was a player; then he met someone he really liked and had a child
-went to Milan
->there he met Ambrose
->had an experience where a child was telling him to "pick up and read;" he picked up the Bible and opened it to any page, it said "Put on the lord Jesus, and give no more thought to the things of this world"
->decided to change his ways
-left Milan and became bishop of Hippo
-wrote Confessions and City of God |
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Term
| Monasticism: Medieval (middle/Dark) Ages |
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Definition
-early = approx. 500-1000 AD
-high = approx. 1000-1200 AD
-late = approx. 1200-1400 AD |
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Term
| Monasticism: After the Fall of the Roman Empire: The Church |
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Definition
-assumed religious and civic power
->owned most land in Western Europe
->was the most politically powerful government
-Sacraments
-> people wanted them, only the Church could give the,
->Baptism: takes away original sin
->Holy Eucharists (Communion): must fist be cleansed of sin
->Penance (Confession): confessed sins anre forgiven
->Confirmation: affirming faith
->Matrimony: marriage
->Holy Orders: enter the clergy
->Extreme unction: final forgiveness of sins before death |
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Term
| Monasticism: After the Fall of the Roman Empire: The Church: Sacraments |
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Definition
-Sacraments
-> people wanted them, only the Church could give the,
->Baptism: takes away original sin
->Holy Eucharists (Communion): must fist be cleansed of sin
->Penance (Confession): confessed sins anre forgiven
->Confirmation: affirming faith
->Matrimony: marriage
->Holy Orders: enter the clergy
->Extreme unction: final forgiveness of sins before death |
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Term
| Monasticism: After the Fall of the Roman Empire: The Church: Powers of the Pope |
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Definition
-excommunication: kicking an individual out of the Church
-interdiction: kicking a community out of the Church
->can get an entire community to rebel against a king |
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Term
| Monasticim: After the Fall of the Roman Empire: The Church: Rleigious Society |
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Definition
-Christianity was a city religion
-hermits decided to leave the sinful citites and went to isolated, severe places
->lack of communication and resources led some to believe they saw spirits and communicated with God
->Church didn't support them |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: 5th and 6th Centuries |
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Definition
- very religious people began living ibn communities
->these were later called monasteries |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: St. Benedict |
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Definition
-life: 480-543 AD
-wrote The Rule which tells how to run a monastery
-529 AD Monte Cassino, first monastery setup by Benedict
->future monasteries are based on this one |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: Members |
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Definition
-membership was open to all men
-members had: food, a place to sleep, to spend the day in silence (unless speaking is necessary), to work (monasteries were self-sufficient), to pray when not working, and sleep
-members had to take 3 vows:
->poverty: give up all worldly possessions
->obedience: follow rules and obey the abbot (like the manager)
->chastity: no sexual activity
-very difficult lifestyle |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: Covents |
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Definition
-Scholastica setup the covents
-followed The Rule
-had only female members |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: Purpose |
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Definition
-to draw the individual from attachment to this world and the love of one's self, and towards God
->if members followed The Rule, this worked
-some served as hospices
->today: a place people go to die with dignity
->then:1) provided a place for travelers and the sick, 2) provided education, learnign to read and write (for religious purposes), 3) a scriptorium/writing room i which ancient, classical and religious works were copied (sometimes with minor mistakes)
-some sold excess resources, like a factory |
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Term
| Monasticism: Monasteries: Why They Were Successful |
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Definition
-inexclusive membership
-contributed to education
-contributed to the agrucultural development of Europe
-self-sufficient, even made profit |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Byzantium |
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Definition
-settled during the Greek Age of Colonization
-modern Istanbul, name Constantinople by Constantine |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora |
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Definition
-Justinian's reign: 527-565 AD
-Justinian emperor
-wanted to reunite with the Western Roman empire, needed support of Theodora
-Theodora carny and stripper
-San Vitale (church) in Ravenna contains mosaic of Justinian and Theodora, both portrayed ad gods
-people didn't like these rulers |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora: Nikia Revolt |
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Definition
-occurred 532 AD
-chariot races were held at an arena, contenders represented different social groups, fans got very emotional
-people were so emotioanl that they began to riot
-the riot spread and people went to get the emperors
-30,000 people died, much of the city burned
-Justinian managed to settle things |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora: One Empire |
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Definition
-Justinian wanted to reunite the entire empire
-533 AD Justinian conquers North Africa
-536 AD Justinian takes Rome
-540 AD Ravenna, the seat of the Western emperor
-during Justinian's reign, the Byzantine empire reached its greatest extent
-Justinian didn't achieve one empire completely |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora: One Church |
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Definition
-Justinian wanted to unite the empire under the Catholic Church
-built church Hagia Sophia, was largest Christian church, is in modern Istanbul
-dedicated in 537 AD
-Justinian said " Oh Solomon, I have outdone thee." |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora: One law |
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Definition
-Justinian wanted a law code
-collected all old Roman lawas, revised them into Courpus Iuris Civilis "Body of Civil Law"
->became foundation of most European nations' laws |
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