Term
| The word "Renaissance" means rebirth of what? |
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Definition
| Classical antiquity - the worlds of the Greeks and Romans |
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Term
| Trade routes that brought wealth to the people of Milan |
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Definition
- Located at the crossroads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alps
- Go over land and Alps |
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Term
| Trade routes that brought wealth to the people of Venice |
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Definition
- Trading in the eastern Mediterranean and into northern Europe.
- Go over land and Alps |
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Term
| What the Medici family achieved in Florence |
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Definition
- Cosimo and Lorenzo de'Medici
- They kept the republican form of government.
-Both selected loyal supporters to fill government posts and carry out their policies.
- Florence became the cultural center of Italy |
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Term
| The French invasion of 1494; what it showed about the Italians |
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Definition
- They asked the Spanish to help them fight.
- This started a century of Spain and France messing with Italy. |
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Term
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Definition
- An intellectual movement based upon the study of the classics.
- Humanists studied the liberal arts |
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Term
| Special concerns of humanists in Florence |
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Definition
- The humanists in Florence took a new interest in civic life.
- Came to believe it was the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one's state. |
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Term
| Four news directions in Italian art and architecture |
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Definition
- Life-size bronze statues like those of Romans (Life-size, cast in bronze)
- Anatomy (Nude, realistic muscles)
- Human-scale architecture – based on Romans
- Perspective (Duke and Duchess of Urbino; uses river to draw our eyes to the distant hills, distant hills more bluish; meaning: Duke rules much land) |
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Term
| The marriage that gave Spain a strong base |
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Definition
- Isabella and Ferdinand
- Worked to strengthen royal control of the government.
- Stripped the royal council of nobles, and then filled it primarily with middle-class lawyers.
- Enlisted townspeople in the policy of state building by getting their help in stopping the nobles from disturbing the peace. |
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Term
| What was the Reconquista's impact on Spain's Jews and Muslims? |
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Definition
- Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all professed Jews from Spain.
- Isabella expelled all professed Muslims from Spain.
- The goal was to drive out the last of the Moors |
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Term
| Two sources of wealth for Portugese from Africa |
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Definition
| - Gold and slaves by seatrade |
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Term
| What was brought back to Portugal from India |
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Definition
| -Ginger, black pepper, and cinnamon |
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Term
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Definition
| - Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of east around Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| - He thought the Earth had a much smaller circumference than it really has. |
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Term
| Where Colombus landed in October of 1492 |
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Definition
| - The Americas, where he explored the coastline of Cuba and the northern shores of Haiti, and believed he had reached Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
- Diplomat in the government of Florence
- Humanist
- Wrote "The Prince" |
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Term
| What countries have “led Italy to be slave and vilified”? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 traits that can “be generally said about men” |
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Definition
| - Ungrateful, pretenders, cowards, and greedy |
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Term
| A ruler is more secure if he... |
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Definition
| - Is feared, rather than loved |
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Term
| What are the things that a ruler must avoid, to “escape hatred”? |
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Definition
- Don't take away their family property
- Keep away from their women
- Don't execute people without good reason. |
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Term
| The good qualities a ruler must always appear to have |
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Definition
| - Merciful, faithful, humane, and religious |
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Term
| What were the popes using money for? |
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Definition
- Building projects such as Saint Peter's Basilica.
- Armies |
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Term
| What the popes were selling for money |
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Definition
- Positions in the church
- To increase their revenues, high church officials took over more than one church office. This was known as pluralism.
- Pluralism led to absenteeism, which is when church officeholders ignored their duties and paid subordinates to run their offices.
- Indulgences |
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Term
| Why Martin Luther became a monk |
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Definition
| - He was terrified when he was knocked to the ground by a bolt of lightning, he cried out, “St. Anne, help me! I will become a monk.” |
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Term
| Catholics said salvation came through... and.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Luther said salvation came how? |
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Definition
| Faith in the promises of God |
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Term
| Luther's main point in the Ninety-Five Theses |
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Definition
| The sale of indulgences is wrong, and the pope should stop it. |
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Term
| Luther called on heads of the German states to do what? |
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Definition
| To overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church. |
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Term
| What happened when the emperor and the pope summoned Luther to Worms? |
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Definition
| Luther was expected to deny the teachings he had championed, but he refused and made a famous reply that became the battle cry of the Reformation. |
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Term
| In the peasant revolt of 1524, whose side did Luther support? Why? |
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Definition
- The rulers
- To him, the state and its rulers were called by God to maintain the peace and order necessary for the spread of the gospel. |
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Term
| The four major problems for Charles V (emperor of Holy Roman Empire) |
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Definition
| The French, the pope who favored the French, the Turks were expanding their empire, and Germany's internal situation, because many of the German states were turning Lutheran |
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Term
| After the Peace of Augsburg, each state in the Holy Roman Empire could be either... or... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why Calvin moved from France to Switzerland |
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Definition
| After his conversion to Protestantism, he was forced to flee Catholic France for the safety of Switzerland. |
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Term
| What belief was very important to both Luther and Calvin? |
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Definition
| Justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieved salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
- The belief that our destiny has been determined in advance
- God alone decides who is saved (the Edict) and who isn't.
- People can't change this decision. |
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Term
| What activities were forbidden by Calvin's government in Geneva? |
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Definition
| - Swearing, dancing, gambling, “obscene songs”, and drunkenness |
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Term
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Definition
- French Calvinists
- They included artisans and shopkeepers hurt by rising prices, merchants and lawyers who were fearful of losing their privileges, and members of the nobility |
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Term
| How were the Huguenots powerful enough to fight France's Catholic kings |
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Definition
- They were strong-willed and well-organized
- 40 to 50% of the French nobility became Huguenots |
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Term
| Raised as a Huguenot, why did Henry IV convert to Catholicism? |
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Definition
| - He realized he we would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism |
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Term
| What did Henry IV's Edict of Nantes (1598) say about the Huguenots? |
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Definition
| - It gave them the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges, such as holding public offices. |
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Term
| Which king – Henry IV or Phillip II – was called a “politique,” |
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Definition
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Term
| How did new technologies bring change to Europe and the world? |
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Definition
PRINTING PRESS
- Books and political cartoons more available
- More motivation to learn to read
- Ideas spread easily and quickly
NEW SHIP TECHNOLOGY - THE CARABEL
- Combination of square and triangular sails – can sail against the wind, thus can go more places
- Size of ships – can carry more food and water, which means they could go farther.
- Could carry more trade goods and heavy cannons.
SIGNIFICANCE: Europeans can dominate other parts of the world.
GUNS
- Soldiers with muskets will win
- Armies with cannons will win
- Significance: Big countries can afford lots of guns, and they will win
- Too bad for Italy |
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Term
| What made it possible for Protestantism to break away from Catholic Church |
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Definition
WEAKNESSES IN CATHOLIC LEADERSHIP
- Warlike popes
- Church getting greedy: to make armies and to have great art and architecture
- Bishops holding multiple dioceses, leading to absenteeism
CHARLES V HAD MANY PROBLEMS, SO THE PROTESTANTS GOT STARTED
- Ottoman Turks expanding into Europe
- Situation in the German states
- Many rulers had political reasons to oppose Catholic power
TECHNOLOGY
- Printing press spread Luther's ideas quickly
- Land trade routes carried Luther's ideas all through Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
| How did Henry IV get France out of its destructive religious conflicts? |
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Definition
BACKGROUND - FRANCE'S TROUBLES IN THE 1500S
- Calvin's ideas spread
- About 7% of French population became Calvinists
- Among nobles, about 40%-50% became Calvinists
- Because nobles who have money, weapons, men, castles, they can fight
- Result: civil wars, Calvinists (Huguenots) vs. Catholics
HOW
- Henry of Navarre inherited the throne of France
- As king, he's called Henry IV
- Henry IV had been brought up as a Huguenot
- Henry IV converted to Catholic religion, so that he will be more united with Catholic France
- In 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which said: Huguenots can have their own churches and form of worship and can hold public office
- Big significance of what Henry IV did: made France the first country where 2 forms of Christianity were both legal, and he brought an end to France's religious wars. |
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Term
| What parts of Europe failed to reach political unity, and why? |
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Definition
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
- Was many separate independent states
- Each state had its own ruler
- The Holy Roman Emperor did not have the power to tell the states what to do
- Then, came religious wars: Lutherans vs. Catholics
- Result: each ruler got to choose, Lutheran or Catholic
- About half decided for Lutheran; this split made it even harder for Holy Roman Empire to be united
ITALY
- Many separate independent states
- Each had its own ruler
- Machiavelli's big fear: Italians couldn't defend against a big country
- Major invasions by French and Spanish
- Another problem: popes owned a big block of territory (papal states)
- Why popes were opposed to Italian unity: they thought unity would decrease their power |
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