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| a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions |
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| Natural Rights (unalienable) |
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| life,liberty,and property |
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| The unwritten agreement between individuals and society in which individual rights are traded for overall order (decrease of chaos) |
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| English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
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| Philosopher who thought people were basically reasonable and moral, and believed in natural rights |
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| Believed people in the natural state were basically good, but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially due to the unequal distribution of wealth |
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| French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment, defender of free speech |
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| Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. |
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| The First president of the United States of America |
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| French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
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| Paul Revere was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, and a Patriot in the American Revolution. |
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| George III was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. |
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| Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. |
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| Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, in the U.S. often known simply as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War. |
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| Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG, PC, styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. |
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| Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715 |
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| well-meaning but weak and indecisive French ruler who inherited the throne deeply in debt; summoned the Estates-General together for the first time in 175 yrs, where citizens aired grievances and ultimately created the National Assembly |
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| Marie Antoinette, was the last Queen of France prior to the French Revolution. She was born an Archduchess of Austria, and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. |
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| Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. |
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| Olympe de Gouges, born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. |
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| Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved." |
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| The Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. |
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| a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors. |
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| document that replaced the Articles of Confederation, defined the system of government in the newly established America and contains additional amendments when ratified (1787) |
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| A list of right in the Constitution made for the colonists |
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| A war between the British and French which ended with the Treaty of Paris |
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| King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. |
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| The British imposed taxes on the Colonists. They specifically put taxes on sugar. |
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| a law passed by the British Parliament requiring all publications and legal and commercial documents in the American colonies to bear a tax stamp (1765) |
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| a series of acts passed – beginning in 1767 – by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. |
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| British army soldiers open fired on a protesting crowd, killing 5 civilian men (March 5, 1770) |
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| A political protest against the tax policy of the British government that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies (Dec. 1773) |
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| the American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. |
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| “No Taxation without Representation” |
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| a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution. |
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| 1st/2nd Continental Congress |
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| which was comprised of delegates from the colonies, met in 1774 in reaction to the Coercive Acts, a series of measures imposed by the British government on the colonies in response to their resistance to new taxes. |
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| a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency. |
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| Battle of Saratoga (French Help) |
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| The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. |
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| Where G. Washington forces the surrender of the British army, thereby ending the American Revolutionary war (1781) |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| first constitution of the United States |
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| American, French, and British diplomats signed this treaty that ended the Revolutionary war and Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America (1783) |
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| the legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates |
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| the middle class; part of the Third Estate |
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| government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation. |
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| created by the disgruntled delegates of the french Third Estate, joined by reform-minded clergy and nobles |
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| when the new National Assembly was locked out of their meeting hall, they assembled in a nearby tennis court, where they swore to meet until a Constitution was established |
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| medieval fortress used as a prison; french angry mob broke into it and killed the guards, releasing the prisoners, but found no weapons |
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| “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” |
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| ideals of the French Revolution |
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| in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants |
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| Reign of Terror (Committee of Public Safety) |
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| a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and Jacobins |
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| is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading |
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| a person who has left their own country in order to settle in another, usually for political reasons. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. |
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| group of five men who held the executive power in France |
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| the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution. |
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| the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way. |
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| the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. |
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| “Order, Security, Efficiency” |
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| a slogen used by Napoleon |
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| a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815 |
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