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| one of the most insightful observers of the American culture; French philosopher |
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| published An American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828; the new American English |
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| belief that the interests of the nation as a whole are more important that regional interests or the interest of other countries |
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| belief that one's own section/region is more important that the whole |
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| James McCulloch refused to pay a tax put on the national bank of Baltimore; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of Maryland, establishing authority of the "necessary and proper" clause |
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| president from 1817-1825; "Era of Good Feelings" |
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| Secretary of State under President Monroe |
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| agreement with Spain that America gets Florida and boundary between Louisiana territory and Spanish territory established |
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| to deter any foreign country from taking lands in the Americans that the United States might someday claim; states that attempts to further colonize the Americas "as dangerous to our peace and safety"; bold statement the confirms American nationalism |
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| in 1820, Missouri admitted into union as a slave state, while Maine was added as a free state to keep balance in the Senate; sectionalism is starting to emerge |
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| Andrew Jackson created the Democratic Party from the Democratic-Republicans after running for president in 1824 against Adams, whose supporters became National Republicans |
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| political powers exercised by ordinary Americans |
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| those who help a president in office get rewarded with a position under the president |
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| a law stating that the 5 Indian nations still in "American" lands, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek, are to move west of the Mississippi River; signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830 |
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| Samuel Worcester took the case to the Supreme Court, after the Cherokee's case was refused to be heard; ruled in favor of Worcester, by Jackson refused to carry out the ruling |
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| the forced removal of 16,000 Cherokee; 4,000 died on the journey, and all suffered from hunger, exposure, disease, and bandits |
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| Second Bank of the United States |
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| was established in 1816, and given a 20 year charter; Jackson opposed the bank, and vetoed the bill to renew the charter |
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| based on the 10th Amendment, all rights not delegated to the federal government or prohibited from the states goes to the states |
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| Jackson's Vice President; in favor of states to nullify a bill that was not in the best interest of the state |
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| withdraw (from the Union); the threat South Carolina stated if the government tried to enforce the tariff passed in 1832 |
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| the refusal of South Carolina to pay a tariff, declaring the tariff "null and void" and threatening to secede from the Union |
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| European that took the ideas/layout of factories from Europe to America in his head to start the first water-powered textile mill in Rhode Island to begin the Industrial Revolution in America |
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| birth of modern industry and social changes that accompanied it |
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| built Lowell, Massachusetts as a industry town in 1822; many textile mills, focusing on bringing women to work in the textile mills, and even children |
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| the women who worked in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts |
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| construction from 1811 to 1814, stretching 800 miles, to connect the North |
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| 363-mile- long canal opened in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River, and the Atlantic Ocean |
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| ran the first successful steamboat service in 1807 |
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| patented his invention, the telegraph, in 1840 |
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| sends messages using electricity through wires (a phone) |
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| invented the cotton gin in 1793 |
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| a machine designed to separate the seeds from the cotton |
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| a nearly uninterrupted band of cotton farms |
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| the nickname from cotton in the South |
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