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| Coalition of four men, each of whom was responsible for a different part of the empire, established by Diocletian. (138) |
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| Office of the leader of Muslim community. (156) |
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| One of Arabia's holiest shrines located in Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad. (155) |
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| Law of all peoples as opposed to the law that reflected only Roman practice. (122) |
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| Law of nature that enshrined the principles of divine reason that Ciero and the Stoics believed governed the universe. (122) |
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| Common meal, or "love feast," that was the central ritual of the church in early Christianity. (132) |
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| ("thanksgiving") Celebration of the Lord's Supper in which bread and wine were blessed and consumed. (132) |
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| "Takers" of contrary positions, namely in Christianity. (133) |
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| Belief that Christ was the first of God the Father's creations and the being through whom the Father created all other things. (144) |
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| (70-19 B.C.E)The most important of the Augustan poets, Vergil wrote somewhat artificial pastoral idylls. Vergil transformed the early Greek poet's praise of simple labor into a hymn to the human enterprise-the civilizing of the world of nature. His most important poem, the Aeneid, celebrated Italy's traditional religious cults and institutions. (123) |
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| (65-8 B.C.E.) The son of a freedman, Horace was a highly skillful lyric oet. He produced a collection of genial, sometimes humorous, poems called satires and a number of odes, songs that glorify the Augustan order. He skillfully adapted Latin to the forms of Greek verse. (123) |
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| (43 B.C.E.-18 B.C.E)Ovid was the only one of the great poets to run spectacularly afoul of Augustus. His poetic celebrations of the loose sexual mores of sophisticated Roman aristocrats did not serve the princeps's purpose. When Ovid published a poetic textbook on the art of seduction, Ars Amatoria, Augustus excile him to a remote region of the empire. (123) |
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