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| A merchant trader in 1300 who dazzled readers about the riches of asia helped start intense European interest and competition to control trade with Asia. |
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| A Portuguese explorer who found a pathway around Africa, and prompted the Spanish to seek a different "westward" approach to Asia. |
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| By the 1430s this Portuguese explorer' work established Portugal as a naval power in control of the African coast, thus preventing other European powers from lucrative eastern-sea route trade with Asia. |
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| In 1498 a Portuguese explorer who rounded Africa to find India, cemented Portuguese control of the area and forced the Spanish to explore a westward route to Asia. |
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| Exploring for the Spanish crown in 1492, his reports of gold and slaves prompted European investment in conquering the America's, which resulted in the enslavement and near extinction of Native Americans. |
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In 1494 the Catholic Pope divided the world into Eastern Portuguese and Western Spanish hemispheres, ensuring the Americas were initially a mostly
Spanish sphere of exploration and settlement though the eventual flood of immigrants proved the treaty unworkable. |
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| First to cross the isthmus of Panama and see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, he understood the world was much larger than many realized by recognizing the land was not Asia, but an entirely new continents. |
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| first to circle the world from 1519-1522, his crude voyage gave Europeans the first accurate map of the globe. |
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| Searching for the city of gold for the Spanish 1540, he gained a realistic view of Southwest America but discovered nothing of significance, which curtailed future Spanish exploration and settlement in North America. |
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| Found the highly advanced Aztec society and defeated them in 1519, which resulted in the conquest of Central America for Spain, the Columbian exchange, and racial hierarchy. |
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| Took over the Incan Empire in 1632, expanding the Spanish Empire's land and wealth at the expense of Native Americans. |
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| The most advanced civilization in the America's, their defeat by Europeans left the America's relatively uncoordinated and undefended to halt European exploration and conquest. |
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| Powerful South American Empire that was destroyed by Pizarro and resulted in Spanish control of South America. |
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| A split in Christian unity under the Pope led by Martin Luther in 1517, which ultimately challenged Spain's religious-backed American Empire as national rivalries intensified. |
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| Landowners maximized their profit by evicting poor tenants from public land in favor of sheep grazing (for wool and clothing), which led to masses of poor unemployed people and the political desire to relocate them by expanding colonial holdings. |
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| A nationalistic program which assumed that the total of t he world's wealth (gold and silver during this time) remained essentially fixed, with only a nation's share in that wealth subject to change which resulted in Europe's drive for colonies (like America) and a desire to transfer wealth to the "home" (Britain) country through a series of laws (like the Navigation Acts). |
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| One of three types of colonies (royal and proprietary are the others), they were largely private enterprises who were granted authority to rule a certain area in America and generally had more control over their area than did the other types of colonies. |
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| Created the ideological split between Protestant and Catholics, which resulted in the Protestant Reformation (eventually created religious justification for English movement to the Americas, despite Treaty of Tordesailles). |
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| Calvin's theory that God predestined some to salvation from the beginning of time -- this was believed by the Puritans, who sought to demonstrate their salvation by their actions in the physical world by eventually moving to the Americas. |
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| Theologian who stated the idea of predestination, which created a group of followers who sought to demonstrate their salvation by their actions in the physical world. |
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| Born to King Henry VIII who severed connections with the Pope, she furthered the divide between England and Catholicism which resulted in Britain challenging the Spanish Empire by colonizing the Americas. |
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| Only faith will allow a person to gain entrance to heaven (not doing good things). |
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| The belief that if you do enough good things you can earn your way into heaven. |
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| Unable to get a divorce from a wife who could not bear children (and therefore provide no royal heir to the throne), he rejected the authority of Catholicism and created the Church of England (Anglican Church) which ultimately allowed England to compete with Spain for control of the Americas (Treaty of Tordesailles was negotiated by the Pope). |
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| Taking form from both Catholicism and the Protestant Reformation, this organization was used to steer the English people away from the Pope and religious radicals desired a "purer" church causing some to leave for the Americas. |
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| People who thought the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic traditions (sought to purify the church by their actions), many fled to the New World in the early 1600s and established religious communities with a heavy emphasis on family values and strict morality. |
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| A more extreme group of Puritans who either wanted to separate from the Church of England or destroy it, they started their congregations in Plymouth because they felt the Church of England could not be saved. |
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| An adventurous British seaman who raided the Spanish colonies and treasure ships which constituted a British challenge to the Spanish Empire and lead tot he Spanish Armada attacking in response. |
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| The large Spanish fleet set out to destroy Britain but was itself destroyed; this elevated England into the great naval power and allowed new countries to colonize the Americas (including England). |
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| A British man who first tried to colonize the Americas, he obtained a charter guaranteeing English colonists all the rights of their born in England setting an important precedent, but his death discouraged other English explorers from following in his footsteps. |
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| The Dutch transported whole families to the New York area on condition they take still more immigrants, which resulted in a recreation of the feudal system in some areas of North America. |
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| French colonization of the americas was epitomized by this man founder of (Quebec in 1608- 1 year after Jamestown), which created a strong European rival in the North for the arriving English colonists. |
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| Founded the English colony of Roanoke, which was quickly abandoned and many English took as a warning against investing money or their life to colonize the Americas. |
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| Stock-holders (not the government) invested into a common pool of money used to colonize lands and shared in the financial risks/profits of the colony, which led to profitable English colonization in the 16th and 17th century. |
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| Spanish explorer who sought the fountain of youth in Florida, he discovered nothing of significance and therefore the Spanish did not continue exploring. |
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| Organized by the Virginia company in London in 1607, Virginia, this became the first permanent settlement in the Americas sustained by the cash-crops of tobacco and the work of indentured servants/slaves. |
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| With his strong brand of leadership he imposed a dictatorship over Jamestown in 1608, he kept Jamestown from collapsing like Roanoke and ensured Jamestown would survive organized work gangs to gather food and build shelters, thereby dramatically lowering the mortality rates among Jamestown colonists. |
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| In 1608 during this period of time Jamestown residents were limited to eating whatever was available and colony was nearly abandoned except for the arrival of additional supplies. |
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| Discovered that a strain of tobacco native to the Americas could be grown in Jamestown, which have Virginia a major cash crop that could make it profitable which made Virginia an economically successful colonies. |
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| Crops that could be grown for significant amounts of profit which ensured that Britain would continue to colonize the Americas. |
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| A representative assembly was founded in 1619 in Virginia, which essentially relaxed the colony's military regime and established "Americans" as having the rights of Englishman including a representative assembly. |
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| This system gave about 50 acres of land to individuals immigrating to Virginia who brought indentured servants, which significantly expanded the Colonial immigrant population as during that time social status was primarily determined by land ownership. |
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| This system made immigration available to Britain's poor by letting them work-off their transportation debt after they traveled to America (usually 7 years), but their poor treatment led to resentment and rebellion would ultimately lead to need for slavery in America. |
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| First proprietary colony charter granted to this person, who sought to establish a safe area for Roman Catholics in Maryland in 1634 but resulted in a mixture of Catholics and Protestants, necessitating the need for the Act Concerning Religion. |
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| The Act passed in 1649 assured freedom for all Christian worship that included teachings of the Trinity, which began to establish the basis of religious toleration in America. |
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| Owned by an individual with the power to make laws with the consent of the people. |
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| Colony directly formed and controlled by the King, so the government had total control over those who lived there. |
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| This event was an armed rebellion over Gov. Berkley's inaction concerning Indian raids on the western frontier in 1676, which resulted in new western lands opening and wealthy planters shifted labor demands from poor white indentured servants who would become free (and potentially troublesome) to permanently enslaved African people. |
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| Pilgrim leaders entered into a formal agreement to abide by the laws made by leaders of their choosing in 1620, which provided colonists with the expectation of self-government in the Americas. |
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| Leader of the pilgrims who settled the Plymouth colony and governed the colony in 1620, which helped grow New England as a colony through many hardships such as Indian attacks, crop failures, and droughts. A Puritan. |
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| This group felt they needed to abandon the Church of England, and boarded the Mayflower with Bradford in 1620 and ultimately settled Plymouth Plantation. |
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| Puritans sent 17 ships and over 1000 followers to Massachusetts Bay in 1630s to establish Boston, which established large family groups (which allowed the population to increase naturally instead of depending upon immigration) and self-government in the New World. |
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| Leader of the Puritan migration in Boston who planned the colony as a Christian model to the world (City on a Hill), which resulted in a relatively stable and prosperous city very quickly that was controlled by the people and never underwent a starving period like other colonies before it--a model for other colonization efforts. |
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| A prominent minister who supported the Congregational Church system, which demonstrates clergy support for a decentralized religious structure in America. |
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| A local church structure established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1620s that had permission to administer its own affairs, which contributed to the decentralized religious structure in America. |
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| Government and religious organizations (in this case, the Church) support for each other, which established a high degree of social control and stability in the early colony helping it to grow quickly. |
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| Destined to be an example for other Christian nations, the Massachusetts Bay colony was established quickly and efficiently and became a model in social and cultural development in the Americas. |
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| Openly taught religious doctrine contrary to the Puritan doctrine and ultimately forced out of the colony and established Rhode Island, she demonstrates how religious differences and conflict led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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| Banished for the belief of a complete separation between church and state he led a group to help found Rhode Island, which offered complete religious freedom and demonstrated religious and conflict led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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| Separation of Church and State |
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| Williams believed a division between religion and government would protect the church from corruption, which established a principle that the highly religious American society would come to adopt to protect society and church institutions. |
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| A minister of Cambridge who defied the Massachusetts government eventually left and led followers to establish Hartford Connecticut, demonstration and religious differences/conflicts led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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| Fundamental Orders (of Connecticut) |
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| The first written constitution in American history (1638) provided for representative government, which demonstrated the expectation of self-government by the people. |
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| Established the Maine colony. |
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| Established the New Hampshire colony. |
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| In 1676 the expansion of the New England colonies drove Metacomet and Indian allies into losing a war of attempting to exterminate whites from America, which demonstrated the superiority of European military technology and the inability of Native Americans to stop the colonization process of their land. |
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| Diverse populations under the Dutch control had colonized the area until the British won a military victory, which established a unified east coast seaboard of British colonies by 1674. |
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| An unpopular Dutch governor of New York (New Amsterdam) whom the people did not fight for, which resulted in unified British colonies along America's eastern seaboard (allowing uncomplicated commerce transactions). |
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| Their pacifism, unwillingness to deference to "social superiors", and their aggressive denouncing of established institutions brought them into social conflict often and sought to establish a religious colony in the New World in Pennsylvania. |
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| Small Swedish and Finnish trading company whose territory included parts of the present-day states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. |
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| Devout Quaker who gained the land as the British King's repayment of debt established the "Holy Experiment" of religious freedom for Pennsylvania through careful planning and resulted in a very peaceful, prosperous, and liberty endowed territory in the colonies. |
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| Founded the Georgian colony both as a refuge for British debtors and to act as a military border to Spanish Florida |
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| Trade and Navigation Acts |
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| Designed upon mercantilist economic theory to prevent wealth from transferring between nations and designed to support the "mother" country (Britain), these acts stipulated goods like sugar/cotton/tobacco be provided only to England and all goods to the colonies must ship from British ports. |
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| Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies--later New York and New Jersey--by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686 to bring the colonies under stricter royal control but the dominion reverted to individual colonial governments thirty years later; this demonstrated the inability of England to impose long-term control over the colonies as domestic issues (the Glorious Revolution) shattered the control and concern of Britain about colonial America and led to policy of Salutary Neglect. |
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| Crown appointed governor of the Dominion of New England seeking to reassert strict crown rule over the American colonies who ultimately lost power due to the Glorious Revolution in Britain, which reinforced the colonial idea of local self-government and salutary neglect from Britain. |
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| The Catholic-Protestant battle continued in Britain resulting in a new King and a focus on (British) domestic issues while allowing the American colonies to continue in salutary neglect. |
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| The dangerous trip from Africa to the Americas, marked by the brutal treatment of slaves, transported millions of Africans between continents (with about 5% residing in the United States). |
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| The massive increase in the slave population led to written laws regarding the treatment of slaves which created a racial hierarchy of European supremacy and African inferiority. |
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| Migration from other European countries increased to populate the American colonies ensuring a heterogeneous mixture of nationalities that ultimately loosened the social tied to England. |
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| French Protestants who attempted to flee religious persecution came to reside in America, diversifying the nationalities of the population and loosened the ties to England. |
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| The colonial population also grew with the increased large influx of immigration by the Scotch-Irish, diversifying the nationalities of the population, increasing Presbyterianism, and ultimately loosened the ties to England. |
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| The trade between Britain, America, and Africa of finished goods, natural resources, and slaves effectively brought America into a global economic market (3 continents tied together in 1 economic system). |
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| The ability to move up or down easily in social circles was common in America, preventing the social unrest between people that was occurring with common frequency in Europe. |
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| The common southern social unit that was marked by midsize groups of people working together in self-contained communities to farm land which led to low population densities and an agricultural economic basis. |
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| This system was common in New England forcing a sense of community, which led to higher population densities and the need to frequently expand their land holdings for the population growth and the ultimate breakdown of the Puritan order. |
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| An annual meeting was used for the important decisions for the community including electing officials, levying taxes, and passing laws, which led to expectation of self-government in colonial America. |
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| The passing of all land to the firstborn son did NOT take hold in New England, which resulted in the division of farmlands between sons and eventual mobility of family members to claim new farmlands (at the expense of Native Americans). |
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| In the 1680s several girls claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of neighbors upon which the town executed 18 people; this ultimately led to greater religious tolerance and demonstrates the importance of religion in colonial society. |
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| Religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies which weakened the status of old-fashioned clergy, encouraged believers to exercise individual judgement, heightened the need for tolerance (many domination's created), created demand for New Light ministers, and brought the American religious aspect of revivalism. |
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| A New Light preacher in the 1740s, appealed to Christians to repent and live holy lives for fear of hell giving many colonist a shared religious experience, and is frequently associated with his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." |
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| A minister credited as the catalyst of the Great Awakening, his celebrated missionary trip to the New World in the 1730s sparked enthusiasm for religion. |
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| Traditionalist in the Congregational Church who rejected the Great Awakening teachings. |
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| Supported the Great Awakening and founded many universities (well known, like Harvard) primarily for the purpose of training ministers and underlined the self-rule the colonies developed in religion. |
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| Purpose was originally to read the Bible and train ministers, and with the Northerners focus on religion led to Northerners generally being better educated than southerners. |
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| Reaction to charges that new minsters lacked sophistication, many colleges like this one were established, which trained teachers about religion but more significantly taught them how to reason with their own judgment. |
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| Another college established which provided that people exercise their own judgment and achieve reason. |
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| Epitome of the American Enlightenment who focused on scientific advancement and demonstrated the principle of rationalism as well as the belief that humankind possessed adequate understanding to end mankind's problems. |
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| A trial of this man for printing negative facts about the government was found not guilty, which emboldened other editors afterwards to criticize government officials more freely and is the basis for freedom of the press. |
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| One of the three major powers in America who sided half-heartedly with the British in the French and Indian War, ultimately led to the destruction of the last militarily and politically powerful Native American tribe in the Ohio region. |
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| Benjamin Franklin's plan to form a military alliance between the colonies with a General/President lacking powers to impede on state constitutions failed, which demonstrated that while the colonial bonds were loosening to Britain the colonies still were not united with each other as well as provided the concept of uniting in the face of a common threat. |
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| British and French geopolitical struggle spilled into fighting in northern New England in 1689, which resulted in the American colonists recognition of a need for Britain's assistance to wage effective warfare against powerful European powers like France in order to gain security of the New World. |
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| British and French geopolitical struggle in 1701 led to intense fighting against Native American, Spanish, and French outposts in the New World with heavy reinforcements from Britain and resulted in dramatic land gains for the English (including large parts of Canada). |
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| Not mentioned by name in book left column middle page of 109 war between Britain and Spain in 1733 that occurred in British controlled Georgia and Spanish help Florida, resulted 5/6ths if the small American colonial army dying, and further increased the tensions between rival European powers for colonial holdings. |
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| British launched an attack against New France with the colonists help 1745 and took the strategically important city of Louisberg, which Britain callously gave back to France in the treaty ending the war over the objections of the colonial patriots who had fought hard for the area while leaving unresolved the underlying tension between the English and French Empires. |
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| From 1754-1763 this was the last of the colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America resulted in a clear British victory for control of North America and large war debts even while their rule over the American colonists was increasingly questioned now that no hostile European powers remained. |
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| Military commander sent in 1754 to counter French expansion, was quickly defeated by the French at Fort Necessity and marked the beginning of the French and Indian War. |
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| A 1755 military seasoned British military officer sent to lead against the French/Native Americans was killed, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of British tactics early in the French & Indian War (temporarily elevated George Washington to lead British forces as well). |
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| A 1755 military French fort placed in a strategic location (today = Pittsburgh) that would check British expansion westward, Washington Build For Necessity nearby and was defeated by Fort Duquesne. |
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| In 1759, the British military took the "fortress" of Quebec from France, and the victory of the "gateway to Canada" effectively ended French power in North America. |
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| British General who captured a French fortress at Louisburg in 1758 severely weakened the ability of the French to wage war effectively. |
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| British General who captured a French fortress at Louisburg in 1758 severely weakened the ability of the French to wage war effectively. |
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| Pitt took control of the war effort in 1757 and imposed strict British rule and strategy resulting in intense opposition from the American colonies (until these were later lifted), which resulted in British military success against the French in the French & Indian War. |
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| A person who owns and runs a small farm. |
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| A worker in a skilled trade, esp. one that involves making things by hand. |
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| Articles or materials used in shipping. |
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| Based upon the Calvanist emphasis on the necessity of hard work to demonstrate that a person had seen saved, some Protestants worked tirelessly in order to demonstrate (to themselves and others) they had received salvation. |
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| Laws generally banning work on Sunday, the Christian Holy Day. |
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| Philadelphia, founded by William Pitt. |
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