Term
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Definition
| Top chambers of heart. Recieve blood returned by veins of circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expel blood into the arteries. Contraction |
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Term
Objective #1
Where is the heart located? |
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Definition
The mediastinum - Slightly left of midline
In the pericardium |
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Term
Objective #6
Name the different septums |
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Definition
Interatrial - Divides atria
Intervetricular - Divides ventricles
Atrioventricular - divides atria from ventricles |
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Term
Objective #6
Name different valves of the heart |
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Definition
AV valve - allows blood to pass from atria to ventricles
Semilunar valve - allows blood to go from ventricles to arteries
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Term
Objective #3
Describe the three layers of the pericardium |
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Definition
Fibrous pericardium - Loose fitting fibrous sack that holds and protects the heart.
Parietal and Visceral pericardium - Make up the serous pericardium. Visceral lines the outside of the heart
In between the Parietal and Visceral Pericardium lies serous fluid. |
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Term
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Objective #4
Identify myocardium and describe its histological structure, including the significance of intercalated discs
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Definition
| Cardiomyocytes. Involuntary, striated. Intercalated discs are junctions between adjacent cells which ALLOW HEART MUSCLE TO CONTRACT AS ONE. Lets cytoplasm coordinate between many muscle cells. |
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Term
Objective #1
Describe the shape of the heart |
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Definition
| Triangle upside down. Apex included |
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Term
| Biggest cranial nerve for parasympathetic glands, interacts with SA node |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sets heart rate. Stimulated by Vagus nerve. Stimulates Atria |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiomycocytes have their own rhythm for contraction/relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates Bundle of His. Stimulates Atria |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulated by AV node. Divides into Perkinje Fibers. |
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Term
Objective #13
Rate polarizing times, refractory period by shortest to longest |
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Definition
| Neuron (shortest), skeletal muscle (because of Ca), cardiomyocytes (longest). The cardiomyocytes have a larger refractory period because they have to wait until enough blood travels into the atria/ventricles. |
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Term
| Another name for pacemaker |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Atrial Depolarization. Na rushes into cells of the atrial myocardium |
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Term
Objective #12
QRS Complex |
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Definition
| Ventricular Depolorization. Na rushes into cells of ventricular myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricular Repolarazation. K moves out of cells of the ventricular myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Time between ventricles being in full contraction to not contracted. Refractory period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of blood ejected from heart each minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of heart with each beat |
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Term
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Definition
| How many heart beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood volume directly after contraction of heart muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of blood volume directly after relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of the heart muscles to contract |
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Term
| Stroke Volume Depends on: |
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Definition
| Contractility and end diastolic volume (EDV) |
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Term
Objective #9
Define systemic circulation |
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Definition
| Blood going to body parts |
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Term
Objective #9
Define pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
| Blood flow to lungs and back |
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Term
| Stroke Volume is largely dependent on |
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Definition
| Blood volume and veinous return |
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Term
| ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) |
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Definition
| Atrial cells detect increase in blood pressure, then secrete this hormone to act on the kidney to get rid of sodium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate response to sudden loss of stroke volume/blood volume. |
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Term
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
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Definition
| Aims to raise blood pressure in the long term. Vessels lose diameter for the short term, but the RAA system aims to regulate the blood volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect decrease in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases blood pressure; blood vessels dilate. |
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Term
Objective #5
Discuss the structure and significance of the endocardium |
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Definition
| Controls Myocardium function. Also acts as a blood-heart barrier (so that the myocardium doesn't absorb blood meant to stay in the ventricles/atria) |
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Term
Objective #6
Chordae Tendinae |
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Definition
| Connects valves to papillary muscles. Helps valves close properly to prevent backflow |
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Term
Objective #6
Papillary muscles |
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Definition
| Located in the ventricles of the heart. Contract to close valves and prevent backflow of blood |
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Term
Objective #7
Compare and contrast Atrioventricular valves to Semilunar Valves
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Definition
AV valves connect atria to ventricles. Semilunar valves connect ventricles to the main arteries (aortic and pulmonary)
Semilunar valves do NOT have chordae tendinae; AV valves do. |
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Term
Objective #8
Identify the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart and classify them as either an artery or a vein and as containing either oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.
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Definition
Aorta-carries oxygenated blood to body parts (artery, systemic)
Pulmonary Artery-carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary)
Pulmonary Veins-carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria (pulmonary)
Coronary Arteries-carry oxygenated blood to heart muscles
Coronary veins-carry deoxygenated blood back to coronary sinus, then into left atria |
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Term
Objective #10
Map out blood flow through the heart, body and back
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Definition
| Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> arterioles -> venuoles -> veins -> vena cava -> right atrium |
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Term
Objective #11
Identify the right and left coronary arteries and their branches, the cardiac veins, and the coronary sinus. |
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Definition
Right and left coronary arteries branch from the aorta. Right branches into posterior descending artery and right marginal artery. Left branches into left circumflex artery and left anterior descending artery.
The great cardiac vein starts at apex and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus.
The middle cardiac vein ascends posterior longitudinal sinus.
Cardiac veins flow into coronary sinus, which empties into right atrium. |
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Term
Objective #14
Contrast pacemaker action potentials with cardiac muscle action potentials |
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Definition
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Term
Objective #14
Compare and contrast cardiac muscle with skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| Both types of muscle are striated. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, while cardiac muscle is involuntary. Skeletal muscle gets signals from motor neurons in the nervous system. Cardiac muscle can get signals from pacemaker cells outside of the nervous system. Cardiac muscle stays depolorized longer and has a longer refractory period. |
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Term
Objective #15
List parts of the conduction system and their functions
Sinoatrial Node (SAN) |
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Definition
Impulse generating pacemaker in the right atrium. Generates normal nodal rhythm.
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Term
Objective #15
Atrioventricular Node (AVN) |
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Definition
Atrioventricular Node (AVN) - Electrically connects atria and ventricular chambers. Coordinates top of heart
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Term
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Definition
AVBundle - Bundle of conductive cells that transport electrical impulses from the AV node to the apex of the heart. Branches turn into perkinje fibers
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Term
Objective #15
Perkinje Fibers |
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Definition
| Carry action potentials to stimulate rhythmic heartbeats. |
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Term
Objective #16
Define automatacity |
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Definition
| Ability of the heart to regulate it's beat, speed, output, etc automatically (without you having to think about it) |
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Term
Objective #16
Why does the SA node pace the heart? |
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Definition
| Simply because it generates impulses slightly faster than other parts of the heart. |
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Term
Objective #17
Explain how the cardiac conduction system makes the heart pump blood efficiently. |
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Definition
| The cells of the heart contract and relax together because they are synchronized by electrical impulses. |
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Term
Objective #18
Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin K's role in clotting |
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Definition
| Vitamin K allows you to make fibrinogen and prothrombin |
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