Shared Flashcard Set

Details

UCD 3 pathology - circulation
circulation handout to pathology lecture
79
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2010

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
active hyperaemia
Definition
increased arteriolar blood flow to an affected part
Term
physiological active hyperaemia
Definition
change in tissue needs increases blood flow such as muscles during excercise
Term
pathological active hyperaemia
Definition
change in blood flow due to pathogen and inflammation process (eg swelling is red!)
Term
Visual difference between passive and active hyperaemia
Definition
passive is blue/purple due to blood becoming deoxygenated while active is still red as its increased arteriolar blood flow
Term
haemorrhage
Definition
the escape of blood from blood vessels
Term
rhexis
Definition
rupture of vessels
Term
diapediesis
Definition
squezzing of RBC thru micro gaps in blood vessel walls
Term
amoeboid movement
Definition
squezzing of RBC thru micro gaps in blood vessel walls
Term
what is the visual difference between passive congestion and active hyperaemia
Definition
congestion is blue due to deoxygenated blood (reduced venous flow) and wet looking due to hypoxic damage, Active hyperaemia is red due increased oxygenated blood (increased arterial flow)
Term
Petechiae
Definition
minute pinpoint haemorrhages (1-2 mm)
Term
Purpura
Definition
slightly larger than petechiae, associated with inflammatory damage
Term
Ecchymoses
Definition
Blotchy (2-3 cm in diameter)
Term
Haematome
Definition
blood filled space formed by bleeding and clotting in a localised space
Term
Haemothorax
Definition
blood present in the thorax
Term
haemopericardium
Definition
blood present in the pericardial sac
Term
Haemoperitoneum
Definition
blood present in the peritoneum
Term
Haemoarthosis
Definition
blood present in the joints
Term
Extravasation
Definition
large area of haemorrhage within the substance of a tissue
Term
Exsanguination
Definition
"bled-out"
Term
Example of slow exsanguination in the live animal
Definition
Dairy cows, abcess in rumen, wears thru and thru a large vessel, bleeding out, digested blood (tarry) in faeces
Term
Causes of Haemorrhage
Definition
Trauma, Vascualar disease, Blood clotting disorders
Term
Vascular diseases that can lead to haemorrhage
Definition
Inflammatory (arteritis, vasculitis) Neoplastic (haemangiosarcoma) Degenerative (fibrinoid necrosis, aneurysmal dilation)
Term
Haemangiosarcoma
Definition
Blood filled/supplied sarcoma
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
cancer derived from transformed connective tissue
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
cancer derived from transformed epithelial tissue
Term
3 important factors as to the consequences of haemorrhage
Definition
amount of blood loss, rate of blood loss (shock or anemia), site of blood loss (brain vs spleen)
Term
Cardiac tamponade
Definition
emergency condition where fluid builds up in the pericardium and restricts the hearts ability to fill during diastole/relaxation
Term
Haemosiderophage
Definition
transformed macrophage that eats blood
Term
Main process for eliminating haemorrhage at site
Definition
macrophages
Term
haemosiderin
Definition
golden brown granules found intracellularly in haemosiderophages/macrophages which clear up haemorrhage
Term
oedema
Definition
accumalation of fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities
Term
Identify oedema of the subcutis
Definition
identified by skin "pitting" upon application of pressure
Term
Hydrothorax
Definition
oedema of the thorax
Term
Hydropericardium
Definition
oedema of the pericardial sac, can lead to cardiac tamponade
Term
Hydroperitoneum
Definition
oedema of the peritoneum, aka ascites
Term
Ascites
Definition
hydroperitoneum, oedema of the peritoneum
Term
Colour of oedema fluid
Definition
sometimes straw coloured, especially if there is alot of protein present
Term
3 main causes of oedema
Definition
increase in intravascular hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma oncotic pressure (hypoproteinaemia), Increase in cappilary permeability
Term
Main causes of increase of intravascular hydrostatic pressure which results in oedema
Definition
local - occlusion of a vein or lymph vessel usually by tumor, abcess or thrombus, General - congestive heart failure
Term
Main causes of decrease of plasma oncotic pressure that results in oedema
Definition
Loss of albumin, protein losing nephropathies or enteropathies, or decreased protein synthesis, starvation and liver disease
Term
Main causes of increase in capillary permeability leading to oedema
Definition
inflammatory process (cytokine mediated) or allergenic (histamine mediated) USUALLY LOCAL OEDEMA ONLY!!!!
Term
Two types of fluids in oedema
Definition
transudate (low specific gravity) and exodate (higher specific gravity)
Term
Transudate
Definition
Fluid during oedema due to imbalanced hydrostatic or oncotic pressures, low specific gravity (1.010), mainly plasma, low protein and cellular component
Term
Exodate
Definition
Fluid during oedema as part of inflammatory response, high specific gravity (>1.020), plasma, proteins, cells (leukocytes and other inflammatory cells)
Term
Localised oedema is caused by
Definition
usually blockage of veins or lymph vessels
Term
General oedema is caused by
Definition
generalised congestion (congestive heart failure), hypoproteinaemia, increased Na+/water retention
Term
What causes increased Na+/water retention that usually leads to oedema
Definition
Congestive heart failure causes decrease perfusion of kidneys causes in activation of renin-angiotensin system, causing increase in aldosterone secretion
Term
Causes of pulmonary oedema
Definition
left sided congestive heart failure, Irratant gases increasing capillary permeabilty, inflammation (pneumonia), toxic damage to blood-gas barrier (fog-fever), terminal/agonal slowing of the circulation
Term
Notes on brain oedema
Definition
no lymphatic drainage, limits capacity to expand in cranium, Increase pressure can result in hypoxia and cell degeneration due to clamping of blood vessels
Term
Postmortem signs of brain oedema
Definition
cerebellar coneing (thru foramen magnum), cerebral gyri (ridges) flattened and swollen, sulci (canyons) are narrowed
Term
Definition of thrombosis
Definition
coagulation of blood in the blood vessels or heart during life and must be differentiated from those formed post mortem
Term
What are the different parts of blood
Definition
serum/plasma, platelets, fibrin, RBC ad WBC
Term
What makes up a thrombus
Definition
platelets, Fibrin, RBC and WBC
Term
What is the difference between a PM clot and a thrombus
Definition
Thrombus is formed during life and is attached to the vessels, PM clot is formed post mortem and is not affixed to the vessels
Term
Name the different types of thrombi
Definition
arterial (grey/white), venous (red), valvular, mural, saddle, occlusive, septic and aseptic
Term
What is a mural thrombus
Definition
a thrombus on the walls of any of the cardiac chambers
Term
What is an saddle thrombus
Definition
a thrombus which occludes at a junction such as the bifurcation of the aorta for the hindlimbs
Term
What is the triad of factors which can lead to formation of a thrombus and which is the most significant
Definition
endothelial injury (most important), alterations in blood flow, alterations in blood constituents
Term
Describe the process by which coagulation occurs due to endothelial damage
Definition
Endothelial cells release tissue factor => activate extrinsic pathway => von Willebrand factor => platelets adhere to subendothelial collagen => platelet activating factor => further platelet adhesion => platelets release thromboxane A2 and ADP => further vasoconstriction and platelets adhesion
Term
How is Hageman factor involved in coagulation
Definition
Neg charge subendothelial collagen causes cleavage of of hageman factor (factor XII) and activation of intrinsic pathway
Term
how do alterations in blood flow lead to thrombosis
Definition
Blood flow laminar (fastest near centre, slower to edges), clotting parts travel centrally, anything causes them to collide with wall can lead to cell injury and clotting, areas: valves, tight bends, branches, aneurysms
Term
What is an aneurysm
Definition
abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually leading to thinning of the vessel wall
Term
How can recumbancy lead to thrombis formation
Definition
Stasis causes reduced local blood flow to certain areas and local hypoxaemia leading to cells producing tissue factor and starting extrinsic clotting cascade
Term
Coagulation cascade: damaged endothelial cells =>
Definition
tissue factor
Term
Coagulation cascade: tissue factor =>
Definition
activation of extrinsic pathway
Term
Coagulation cascade: activation of extrinsic pathway =>
Definition
von Willebrand factor
Term
Coagulation cascade: von Willebrand factor =>
Definition
facilitates aggreagation of platelets to subendothelial collegan
Term
Coagulation cascade: Platelets adhering to subendothelial collagen =>
Definition
platelet activating factor
Term
Coagulation cascade: Platelet activating factor =>
Definition
further platelet aggregation
Term
Coagulation cascade: platelet aggregation =>
Definition
platelets release thromboxane A2 and ADP
Term
Coagulation cascade: Thromboxane A2 =>
Definition
platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
Term
Coagulation cascade: Negatively charged subendothelial collagen =>
Definition
cleavage of hageman factor (XII) and activation of intrinsic pathway
Term
Hyperameia
Definition
Increased blood within a vessel
not an increase in RBC per unit blood
Term
polycythemia vera
Definition
Increase in number of RBC per unit blood
different from hyperaemia
Term
Congestion
Definition
aka passive hyperaemia (never really called this)
caused by blockage of venous blood flow
Term
localised passive congestion
Definition
Passsive congestion in an area due to blockage of a peripheral vein
Term
General passive congestion
Definition
Due to congestive heart failure, usually right sided, leading to congestion of all blood vessels in the body
systemic congestion = right side
Pulmonary congestion = left side
Term
Causes of congestive heart failure
Definition
Right side = pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid valve insufficiency

Left sided = aortic stenosis, mitral valve insuffiency
Term
cor pulmonale
Definition
congestive heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease
Supporting users have an ad free experience!