Term
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Definition
| increased arteriolar blood flow to an affected part |
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Term
| physiological active hyperaemia |
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Definition
| change in tissue needs increases blood flow such as muscles during excercise |
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Term
| pathological active hyperaemia |
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Definition
| change in blood flow due to pathogen and inflammation process (eg swelling is red!) |
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Term
| Visual difference between passive and active hyperaemia |
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Definition
| passive is blue/purple due to blood becoming deoxygenated while active is still red as its increased arteriolar blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the escape of blood from blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| squezzing of RBC thru micro gaps in blood vessel walls |
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Term
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Definition
| squezzing of RBC thru micro gaps in blood vessel walls |
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Term
| what is the visual difference between passive congestion and active hyperaemia |
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Definition
| congestion is blue due to deoxygenated blood (reduced venous flow) and wet looking due to hypoxic damage, Active hyperaemia is red due increased oxygenated blood (increased arterial flow) |
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Term
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Definition
| minute pinpoint haemorrhages (1-2 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly larger than petechiae, associated with inflammatory damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Blotchy (2-3 cm in diameter) |
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Term
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Definition
| blood filled space formed by bleeding and clotting in a localised space |
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Term
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Definition
| blood present in the thorax |
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Term
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Definition
| blood present in the pericardial sac |
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Term
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Definition
| blood present in the peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| blood present in the joints |
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Term
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Definition
| large area of haemorrhage within the substance of a tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Example of slow exsanguination in the live animal |
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Definition
| Dairy cows, abcess in rumen, wears thru and thru a large vessel, bleeding out, digested blood (tarry) in faeces |
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Term
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Definition
| Trauma, Vascualar disease, Blood clotting disorders |
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Term
| Vascular diseases that can lead to haemorrhage |
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Definition
| Inflammatory (arteritis, vasculitis) Neoplastic (haemangiosarcoma) Degenerative (fibrinoid necrosis, aneurysmal dilation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood filled/supplied sarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer derived from transformed connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer derived from transformed epithelial tissue |
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Term
| 3 important factors as to the consequences of haemorrhage |
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Definition
| amount of blood loss, rate of blood loss (shock or anemia), site of blood loss (brain vs spleen) |
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Term
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Definition
| emergency condition where fluid builds up in the pericardium and restricts the hearts ability to fill during diastole/relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| transformed macrophage that eats blood |
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Term
| Main process for eliminating haemorrhage at site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| golden brown granules found intracellularly in haemosiderophages/macrophages which clear up haemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| accumalation of fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities |
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Term
| Identify oedema of the subcutis |
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Definition
| identified by skin "pitting" upon application of pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oedema of the pericardial sac, can lead to cardiac tamponade |
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Term
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Definition
| oedema of the peritoneum, aka ascites |
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Term
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Definition
| hydroperitoneum, oedema of the peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes straw coloured, especially if there is alot of protein present |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in intravascular hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma oncotic pressure (hypoproteinaemia), Increase in cappilary permeability |
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Term
| Main causes of increase of intravascular hydrostatic pressure which results in oedema |
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Definition
| local - occlusion of a vein or lymph vessel usually by tumor, abcess or thrombus, General - congestive heart failure |
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Term
| Main causes of decrease of plasma oncotic pressure that results in oedema |
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Definition
| Loss of albumin, protein losing nephropathies or enteropathies, or decreased protein synthesis, starvation and liver disease |
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Term
| Main causes of increase in capillary permeability leading to oedema |
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Definition
| inflammatory process (cytokine mediated) or allergenic (histamine mediated) USUALLY LOCAL OEDEMA ONLY!!!! |
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Term
| Two types of fluids in oedema |
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Definition
| transudate (low specific gravity) and exodate (higher specific gravity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid during oedema due to imbalanced hydrostatic or oncotic pressures, low specific gravity (1.010), mainly plasma, low protein and cellular component |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid during oedema as part of inflammatory response, high specific gravity (>1.020), plasma, proteins, cells (leukocytes and other inflammatory cells) |
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Term
| Localised oedema is caused by |
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Definition
| usually blockage of veins or lymph vessels |
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Term
| General oedema is caused by |
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Definition
| generalised congestion (congestive heart failure), hypoproteinaemia, increased Na+/water retention |
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Term
| What causes increased Na+/water retention that usually leads to oedema |
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Definition
| Congestive heart failure causes decrease perfusion of kidneys causes in activation of renin-angiotensin system, causing increase in aldosterone secretion |
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Term
| Causes of pulmonary oedema |
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Definition
| left sided congestive heart failure, Irratant gases increasing capillary permeabilty, inflammation (pneumonia), toxic damage to blood-gas barrier (fog-fever), terminal/agonal slowing of the circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| no lymphatic drainage, limits capacity to expand in cranium, Increase pressure can result in hypoxia and cell degeneration due to clamping of blood vessels |
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Term
| Postmortem signs of brain oedema |
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Definition
| cerebellar coneing (thru foramen magnum), cerebral gyri (ridges) flattened and swollen, sulci (canyons) are narrowed |
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Term
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Definition
| coagulation of blood in the blood vessels or heart during life and must be differentiated from those formed post mortem |
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Term
| What are the different parts of blood |
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Definition
| serum/plasma, platelets, fibrin, RBC ad WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| platelets, Fibrin, RBC and WBC |
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Term
| What is the difference between a PM clot and a thrombus |
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Definition
| Thrombus is formed during life and is attached to the vessels, PM clot is formed post mortem and is not affixed to the vessels |
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Term
| Name the different types of thrombi |
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Definition
| arterial (grey/white), venous (red), valvular, mural, saddle, occlusive, septic and aseptic |
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Term
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Definition
| a thrombus on the walls of any of the cardiac chambers |
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Term
| What is an saddle thrombus |
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Definition
| a thrombus which occludes at a junction such as the bifurcation of the aorta for the hindlimbs |
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Term
| What is the triad of factors which can lead to formation of a thrombus and which is the most significant |
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Definition
| endothelial injury (most important), alterations in blood flow, alterations in blood constituents |
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Term
| Describe the process by which coagulation occurs due to endothelial damage |
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Definition
| Endothelial cells release tissue factor => activate extrinsic pathway => von Willebrand factor => platelets adhere to subendothelial collagen => platelet activating factor => further platelet adhesion => platelets release thromboxane A2 and ADP => further vasoconstriction and platelets adhesion |
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Term
| How is Hageman factor involved in coagulation |
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Definition
| Neg charge subendothelial collagen causes cleavage of of hageman factor (factor XII) and activation of intrinsic pathway |
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Term
| how do alterations in blood flow lead to thrombosis |
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Definition
| Blood flow laminar (fastest near centre, slower to edges), clotting parts travel centrally, anything causes them to collide with wall can lead to cell injury and clotting, areas: valves, tight bends, branches, aneurysms |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually leading to thinning of the vessel wall |
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Term
| How can recumbancy lead to thrombis formation |
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Definition
| Stasis causes reduced local blood flow to certain areas and local hypoxaemia leading to cells producing tissue factor and starting extrinsic clotting cascade |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: damaged endothelial cells => |
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Definition
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: tissue factor => |
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Definition
| activation of extrinsic pathway |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: activation of extrinsic pathway => |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: von Willebrand factor => |
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Definition
| facilitates aggreagation of platelets to subendothelial collegan |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: Platelets adhering to subendothelial collagen => |
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Definition
| platelet activating factor |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: Platelet activating factor => |
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Definition
| further platelet aggregation |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: platelet aggregation => |
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Definition
| platelets release thromboxane A2 and ADP |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: Thromboxane A2 => |
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Definition
| platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction |
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Term
| Coagulation cascade: Negatively charged subendothelial collagen => |
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Definition
| cleavage of hageman factor (XII) and activation of intrinsic pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
Increased blood within a vessel
not an increase in RBC per unit blood |
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Term
|
Definition
Increase in number of RBC per unit blood
different from hyperaemia |
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Term
|
Definition
aka passive hyperaemia (never really called this)
caused by blockage of venous blood flow |
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|
Term
| localised passive congestion |
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Definition
| Passsive congestion in an area due to blockage of a peripheral vein |
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Term
| General passive congestion |
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Definition
Due to congestive heart failure, usually right sided, leading to congestion of all blood vessels in the body
systemic congestion = right side
Pulmonary congestion = left side |
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Term
| Causes of congestive heart failure |
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Definition
Right side = pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid valve insufficiency
Left sided = aortic stenosis, mitral valve insuffiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| congestive heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease |
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