Term
| What is the bacterial capsule |
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Definition
| Extracellular polymeric material, Described as glycocalyx |
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Term
| What is the bacterial capsule made of |
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Definition
| Most – polysaccharide, Bacillus anthracis – polypeptide |
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Term
| What is the bacterial capsule function |
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Definition
Anit-dessication
Chemical protection
Pathogenic
Adherence
Endotoxins
Resistance to phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Well defined network of fibrils. If slime layer – loose network of fibrils. |
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Term
| Peptidoglycan is found where |
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Definition
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Term
| What is peptidoglycan made of |
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Definition
Alternating units of
N-acetylglucosamine
N- acetylmuramic acid
Cross-linked by
Tetrapeptide side chains
Peptide cross bridges |
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Term
| Gram neg and pos stain what colours |
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Definition
Gram positive is blue
Gram negative is red |
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Term
| What are the four parts to the gram stain |
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Definition
Crystal violet
Grams Iodine
(these stain the pos blue)
Decolourisers
Dilute Carbol fusion
(these stain the neg red) |
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Term
| Parts of a gram pos cell wall |
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Definition
Capsule
Lots of peptidoglycan
Intermittent teichoic acid
Cell membrane (phospholipid bi-layer) with
- penicillin-binding proteins
- membrane bound proteins |
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Term
| Parts of a gram neg cell wall |
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Definition
| Capsule; Outer cell membrane with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and Porin trimer; Lipoproteins; Little peptidoglycan; Inner cell membrane |
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Term
| What does LPS stand for and What are its parts |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide; O polysaccharide side chain, Core polysaccharide, Lipid A (anchors in membrane) |
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Term
| What do the different parts of LPS do |
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Definition
| Lipid A: anchors in membrane, toxic part when cells lyse, important for cell structure; Core polysaccharide: ?; O polysaccharide: immunogenic (elicits immune response), absent = rough LPS, present = smooth LPS, sticks out |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram pos only; Polymer of glycerol and ribitol; Neg charge; Maintains cell structure |
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Term
| Difference between gram neg and pos peptidoglycan |
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Definition
| Gram pos cross links are lysine and D-alanine; Gram neg cross links are DAP and D-alanine |
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Term
| What is peptidoglycan also called |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up a triaglyceride |
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Definition
| Glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| What makes up a phospholipid |
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Definition
| Glycerol and 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group in place of the 3rd fatty acid |
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Term
| In a cell membrane (lipid bi-layer) where are the fatty acids found |
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Definition
| Fatty acids are facing into the midline of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferes with cell wall synthesis |
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Term
| What type of bacteria have no cell wall and are thus resistant to penicillin |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes cytoplasmic membranes |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes have no sterols present otherwise much the same |
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Term
| What molecules can passively diffuse through the prokaryotic cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| What important functions does the bacterial cell membrane perform |
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Definition
| Electron transport chain and phosphorylation; Location of enzymes used in DNA synthesis, Cell wall polymer synthesis, Membrane lipid synthesis, |
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Term
| What are the components of the bacterial cytoplasm |
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Definition
| Aqueous solution; Nuclear material; Ribosomes; Molecules of: cell maintenance, metabolism, storage granules (starch, glycogen, polyphosphates) |
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Term
| What storage granules are found in bacteria and What are their effect |
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Definition
| Starch, Glycogen, Polyphosphates; They are unfavorable for growth |
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Term
| Describe bacterial ribosomes |
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Definition
| Ribonucleoproteins; 2 units 50S and 20S ; 80% rRNA ; 20% mRNA and tRNA ; Polysomes chains of mRNA during growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Chains of ribosomes linked by mRNA |
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Term
| What different types of genetic material is present in bacteria Chromosome |
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Definition
| Plasmids; Transposons; Integrons; |
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Term
| Describe the bacterial genome |
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Definition
| Single haploid circular chromosome; Double stranded DNA; Small amounts of protein and RNA associated; Densely packed |
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Term
| Describe replication of bacterial DNA |
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Definition
| DNA unravels creating 2 parent strands => Nucleic acids adhere on, forming 2 daughter strands => 1 daughter and parent strand are passed on to each cell during binary fission |
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Term
| What are the four types of flagella |
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Definition
| Monotrichous ; Amphitrichous ; Lophotrichous ; Peritrichous |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 flagella with one either end |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multiple flagella at one end |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flagella located everywhere on cell |
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Term
| General notes on flagella |
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Definition
| Mainly gram neg ; Provide motility ; Rarely on coccus ; Protein = flagellin |
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Term
| What are the parts to a flagella |
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Definition
| Basal body ; Hook ; Filament |
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Term
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Definition
| Another non-motile form of projection used for adherence. Mainly gram neg |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex pili used in conjugations. F= fertile |
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Term
| What are the parts to an endospore |
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Definition
| Extracellular => Exosporium ; Outer spore coat ; Inner spore coat ; Spore cortex ; Cell wall ; Cell membrane => Intracellular |
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Term
| What makes up an endospore |
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Definition
| Calcium and Dipicolinic acid (Hence more sustainable in calcium rich soil) |
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Term
| What types of bacteria form endospores (which genera) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 stages of re-emergence from and endospore |
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Definition
| - activation - initiation - out growth |
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Term
| General comments on endospores |
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Definition
| Dehydrated state ; Hibernation ; More sustainable in calcium rich areas |
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