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| Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia and drafts Constitution |
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| Declaration of Independence signed |
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| final ratification of Constitution |
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| southern states establish Confederate States of America; Lincoln inaugurated; Confedreate forces bombard Ft. Sumter |
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| Emancipatiion Proclamation; Battle of Gettysburg won by Union army |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| issued by Lincoln to free slaves in Confederate south (1863). |
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| Confederate general who surrenders to Grant(1865), ending the Civil War. |
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| Lee surrenders, ending Civil War; Lincoln assassinated |
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| commander in chief of Continental army during the American Revolution; defeated Cornwallis at battle of Yorktown; encouraged U.S. to stay neutral during French Revolution; 1st pres. of U.S. |
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| wrote Declaration of Independence; minister to France 1785-1789; 3rd pres of U.S.; Louisiana Purchase 1803 |
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| British general defeated by Washngton at Yorktown in last major battle of Amer. Rev. |
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| last major battle of Amer Rev: Washington defeated Cornwallis |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| 1776; listed reasons why colonists no longer willing to live under British rule |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| 1st govt of U.S.; had several weakneses: states had too much power and nat'l govt couldn't levy taxes |
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| established purpose and structure of U.S. govt; supreme law of the land |
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| rights guaranteed by Declaration of Independence |
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| life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness/unalienable rights |
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| 1787-1788;lexander Hamilton, Jamesmadison, John Jay; incresed support for separation of powers and system of checks and balances; promoted federalism |
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| shared power between national and state govts |
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| citizens rule through elected representatives |
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| each branch of the federal govt has power to check olimit the power of the other two branches |
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| Powerdivided into three branches of govt: executive, legislative, judicial |
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| makes the laws: Congress (House of Representative) and Senate |
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| enforces the laws: President and his agencies |
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| interprets the laws: Supreme Court and other federal courts |
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| a change to the Constitution |
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| first 10 amendments to Constitution that provide people with protection from the govt |
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| 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments |
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| belief (John C. Calhoun) that a state had the right to nullify, or declare illegal, a federal law within its borders. Pres. Jackson said military force could be used if a State refused to obey a federal law. |
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| 1861-1865; key issue was slavery (states right to decide whether or not to allow slavery. |
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| freedom of speech, press, assembly, and right to petition govt |
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| no quartering if troops in a person's home |
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| no unreasonable searches or seizures |
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| rights of accused:cannot be tried twice for same crime (no doublke jeopardy), don't have to testify against yourself, must have due process of law |
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| right to a speedy and public trial |
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| prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment |
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| rights stated in Constitution are not the only rights people have |
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| powers not assigned to the federal govt nor denied to the states are reserved to the states or the people |
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| granted citizenship to African Americans and former slaves, gave all citizens equal protection under the law |
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| person could not be denied the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of serviyude" |
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