Term
| How did the people from Asia make it to Alaska and the North Americas? What was the impact of farming on the hunting and gathering people? |
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Definition
Through the Beringia also called the Bering Strait during the Ice Age in search of Wooly Mammoth. This was 25,000 years ago and they made it all the way to Argentina.
Agriculture allowed a food surplus to occur. This also helped to increase population, allow for more tools and skills to be discovered, and the starting of trade. They mostly grew corn. |
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Term
| What were some characteristics of the Pueblos and the Hopis(Southwest) and the Iroquois(Northeast)? |
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Definition
Hopi-
good with water and irrigation
Iroquois-
good government, hunting/gathering, agriculture |
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Term
| What were some differences between the Native Americans and the Europeans in 1492? |
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Definition
Land is neither sold or destroyed in the Indian perspective.
Native Americans believed that there was a world full of spirits where the past generations and their traditions are still alive.
Everything in the tribe is based around the family unit which creates kinship. They divided labor through gender, age, and social class. |
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Term
| Ghana, Mali, and the Songhai Empires were a part of a special highway. What was it called and what items and ideas in trade moved along this highway? |
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Definition
- Sahara Highway
- Salt and Islam (started in 622 by the prophet Mohammad) moved south and gold moved North.
- Also, after the Portuguese came in the late 1400s by sea and not across the Sahara many trading outposts moved to the coasts starting the slave trade. |
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Term
| Europeans came to the Americas in two rounds. What were they? |
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Definition
Round I- Lief Ericson with the Scandinavians(Vinland, Newfoundland)
By land, Marco Polo came in 1275 to China.
Round II- Portugal and Spain |
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Term
| Explain the European power pyramid. |
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Definition
Kings Queens and Nobles at the top and provided Protection and Power.
Next comes the merchants and the artisans.
Finally come the peasants who provided the manual labor. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the Crusades. How did this effect Europe? |
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Definition
Started in 1096 and lasted for 200 years. They went to Jerusalem to "Rescue the Holy Land".
Effects-
Merchant and Monarch gained power.
The Church (esp. the Pope) and the nobles lost power
The people became more interested in exotic lands and things such as tea, rugs, porcelain, and baths. |
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Term
| What were some main difference between Europe in the 1300s and Europe in the 1400s? |
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Definition
1300s- The Black Plague, the Hundred Years War (France v. Britain), and the crazy weather
1400s- cities began to grow with many food surpluses, trade, more people, and more money
Monarchs provided protection for the merchants who paid them tax money. |
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Term
| Who began the Protestant Reformation? |
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Definition
Martin Luther
1517
95 Theses for selling indulgences |
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Term
| What period in Europe promoted individual spirit and well as the "can-do" spirit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three Portuguese explorers and what they did around the time of the Renaissance. |
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Definition
Prince Henry the Naivagter (compass, astrolabe, and the caravel)
1488- Bartholomeu Dis who sailed to the tip of S. Africa
1498- Vasco Da Gama who made it all the way to INdia.
1519- Ferdinand Magellan whose crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. |
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Term
| What was good for Spain in 1492? |
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Definition
Christopher Columbus and the Americas.
Arabs and Jews out while the Americas were in. |
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Term
| What is the Columbian Exchange? |
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Definition
| General trade between Europe and and the Americas with such things as plants, animals, diseases, and slaves. Still continues today. |
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Term
| What is the Line of Demarkation? |
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Definition
| Settle in 1494 by the "Happy" Pope between Spain and Portugal over the diputed American territory. |
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Term
| Name the three Meso-American societies and which one was the greatest and why? |
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Definition
Olmec, Maya, Aztec
Aztec (pop. 5 million) was the greatest with a capital of Tenochtitlan was a city of 300,000 built on the islands of Texcoco. They had paved roads and causeways.
They were good builders of pyramids, camels, temples,and aqueducts.
Very warlike believed in two gods the rain god( peace with a life of farming) and a sun god(war and human sacrifice as well as the expansion of the empire) |
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Term
| Who was Hernan Cortes and what did he do? |
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Definition
1519-1522
Defeated the Aztecs and their leader Montezuma by diseases, guns, dogs, horses,and canons.
Was helped by Malinche (Dona Marina) who served as a translator and god.
The territory was called New Spain with its capital of Mexico City.
To build this city encomienda (forced labor) was used and later Africans were shipped over for the job. |
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Term
| Name three conquistadors and their contributions to the Americas. |
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Definition
1513-
Juan Ponce de Leon La Florida and was later helped by Pedro Menedes des Aviles who was a soldier who drove of the pirates from N. Florida.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa first to see the Pacific Ocean and crossed Panama
1530s-
Pizarro destoryed the Incan Empire "Romans of South America" who sailed from Mexico to Peru with 180 men. Captures Antahualpa.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (Cow Head) plus his slave Estavanico walked 1000 miles in American SW. In search of the "7 Cities of Gold", "Cibola"
1540s-
Hernan de Soto- Mississippi River was out 3 years
Francisco Vasquez de Coranado explored the American SW and was out 2 years |
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Term
| Give some background in Europe leading up to Jamestown. |
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Definition
1588-
King Phillip II of Spain had control of the Spanish Armada.: 130 ships, 20,000 troops, 2400 canons vs. Queen Elizabeth small/faster fleet and use mercenaries such as Sir Francis Drake. |
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Term
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Definition
1607, first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Was not doing well until Cpt. John Smith forced to work.
John Rolfe- tobacco helped to bring in lots of money. |
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Term
| What was Puritan New England and it's leader John Winthrop like? |
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Definition
1620 they wanted to created a new model society "A city on Hill" and "A new Jerusalem"
John Winthrop- a independent gov't social equality not an issue, and to hold a position in the gov't you had to be a man and a Puritan. |
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Term
| Who were the two people who were against the Puritans? |
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Definition
Roger Williams who fled to R.I.. He believed in allowing any worship and payed the Indians for their land. Started separation of the church and state and freedom of religion.
Anne Hutchison fled to Rhode Island and then New Netherland and said that there was no need for church/ ministers to interpret the Bible. |
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Term
| What were some problems that the people and Jamestown and the MBC had with the Indians? |
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Definition
Pequot war (1630s)
King Phillips War (1670s)
very savage wars |
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Term
| What was the "Dutch Wedge" and what was it wedged between? |
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Definition
Between the North (Mass, Conn, R.I., New Hampshire) and the South (Maryland and Virginia).
Governed by Peter Stuyvesant who had one eye, one leg, and was BAMF.
New Netherland also called New Amsterdam(1664). Bought Manhattan from the Indians for $24 plus blankets and beads. |
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Term
| What were some characteristics of Pennsylvania? |
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Definition
Welcoming, Tolerant, Fair.
Ruled by William Penn and the Quakers who were opposite of the Puritans.
Philadelphia "city of brotherly love" |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic theory that promotes a nations trade and increases its gold and silver reserves. As the nation grows in power and prestige they had land (colonies) and helped to influence world trade. |
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Term
| What acts helped to regulate the flow of trade ONLY between Europe and its Colonies. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were some benefits of the English system on the American government? |
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Definition
| Trial by Jury, Limited Gov't, Representative Gov't |
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Term
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Definition
1215
the nobles forced King John I to sign this document and limit his own powers. |
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Term
| What is the triangular trade and the middle passage? |
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Definition
Africa to the West Indies moved slaves. From West Indies to New England came sugar and molasses. From New England to Africa came rum
Middle Passage is transport from Africa to the West Indies and was very bad. 20% did not make it. |
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Term
| Who were the Sons of Liberty and what did they believe? |
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Definition
Started by Sam Adams in Boston after the Stamp Tax, The Sugar Tax, the Townshend Acts, and the strengthening of Anti-Smuggling Laws.
"No taxation without representation" |
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Term
| What was the Boston Massacre? |
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Definition
March 5, 1770
Started by Crispus Attucks (half black and half white) and was the first killed antagonized the British into a fight. 5 died and some were wounded |
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Term
| When and what is the Boston Tea Party? |
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Definition
This was in 1773 and was a tax protest with excess tea (for Brits) and Sons of Liberty
Lead to the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) 1774
closed the Boston Harbor, no more town meetings, Quartering Act, and the martial law.
Led to the forming of the first militias (minutemen) and the forming of the 1st Continental Congress. |
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Term
| What was the battles of Lexington and Concord? |
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Definition
1775
Gen General Gage wanted Sam Adams, John Hancock, and weapons
"shot heard round the world" |
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Term
| Describe the Battle of Bunker Hill? |
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Definition
June 1775. Actually Breed's Hill. Came after Battles of Lexington and Concord
1200 Colonial men with Col William Prescott were low on ammo and told "Don't shoot till you see the white of their eyes". Brits won after three uphill attacks, but lost more than 100 dead or wounded. |
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Term
| What were advantages of the Brits? Of the Patriots? |
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Definition
Strongest navy, huge empire, large population, strong, central gov't, many Loyalists in America
Patriots- fighting on the home ground, good generals, no mercenaries, inspiring cause |
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Term
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Definition
Oct. 17, 1777
5700 Brits
France realizes this little country might win
Helped with support in money, equipment and troops |
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