Term
| What is the name of the embedded superficial fascia of the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the platysma? |
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Definition
| Facial expression, moves lower lips and corners of mouth, tenses skin of inferior face and neck, may help eliminate skin sagging and double-chin |
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Term
| What innervates the platysma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the investing layer of deep cervical fascia? |
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Definition
| Invests entire neck as one compartment |
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Term
| What is contained within the prevertebral fascia of the neck? |
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Definition
| Invests vertebral compartment |
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Term
| What is contained within the pretracheal fascia? |
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Definition
| Visceral compartment containing trachea, muscles, and sternum |
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Term
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? |
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Definition
| Bilateral vascular compartment containing vessels and nerves |
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Term
| Which fascia of the neck limits the spread of infection? |
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Definition
| Investing layer of deep fascia |
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Term
| Where does infection between the investing layer and muscular part of the pretracheal fascia surrounding the infrahyoid muscles generally stop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infection between the investing layer and the visceral part of the pretracheal fascia can spread to what space? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rupture esophagus, trachea, or bronchus may cause what infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What skeletal landmark is found at the level of C3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cartilaginous landmark is found between the levels of C4-5? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cartilaginous landmark is found at the level of C6? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the sternocleidomastoid muscle act as a landmark for structures in the neck? |
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Definition
| Divides neck into anterior and posterior triangles |
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Term
| What unilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Rotation of the face toward contralateral side |
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Term
| What bilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Contracts to draw head forward |
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Term
| COPD patients may utilize the sternocleidomastoid muscle to perform what function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Accessory nerve - CNXI (motor) and anterior ramus of C2 (proprioception) |
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Term
| What is cervical dystonia? |
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Definition
| AKA spasmodic torticollis - unvoluntary contraction of the neck, most commonly affects the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
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Term
| What is congenital torticollis? |
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Definition
| Shortening of neck muscles in newborns and kids, commonly the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle |
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Term
| What subdivides the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Occipital and omoclavicular (subclavian) triangles, divided by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What forms the roof of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Investing layer of deep cervical fascia |
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Term
| What forms the floor of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the superficial structures of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| External jugular vein and cutaneous nerves of the posterior triangle |
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Term
| What cutaneous nerves are found in the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves |
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Term
| What are the deep structures of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Spinal accessory nerve, subclavian vein, subclavian artery, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, roots, trunks, and branches of the brachial plexus, branches of the cervical plexus |
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Term
| The subclavian vein is a continuation of what vessel? |
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Definition
| Axillary vein at the lateral border of the 1st rib |
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Term
| What forms the brachiocephalic vein? |
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Definition
| Joining of the subclavian and internal jugular veins |
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Term
| Why is the subclavian vein clinically important? |
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Definition
| Used for a central line to access the heart |
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Term
| What is the location of the subclavian artery within the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Between lateral border of anterior scalene muscle and lateral border of 1st rib |
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Term
| What gives off the transverse cervical artery? |
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Definition
| 1st part of the subclavian artery off the thyrocervical trunk |
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Term
| Where do the brachial plexus roots emerge in the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Between anterior and middle scalene muscles, passes through the cervicoaxillary canal to the axillary |
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Term
| What causes thoracic outlet syndrome? |
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Definition
| Compression or stretching of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus or subclavian artery by an enlarged costal process of C7 that acts as an extra cervical rib |
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Term
| What makes up the cervical plexus? |
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Definition
| Anterior rami of C1-4 spinal nerves |
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Term
| C2 is the spinal root for what cutaneous nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| C2-3 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves? |
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Definition
| Great auricular and transverse cervical nerves |
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Term
| C3-4 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| C1 is the spinal root for what muscular nerve? |
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Definition
| Superior root of ansa cervicalis |
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Term
| C2-3 are the spinal roots for what muscular nerve? |
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Definition
| Inferior root of ansa cervicalis |
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Term
| What are the roots of the phrenic nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What roots of the cervical plexus provide proprioception? |
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Definition
| C2 to sternocleidomastoid and C3-4 to trapezius |
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Term
| What is the injection point for a cervical plexus blockade? |
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Definition
| Upper and middle 1/3 of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
| What muscle in the posterior triangle occasionally has accessory phrenic nerve branches entering it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Irritation of hemi-diaphragm via diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum innervated by the phrenic nerve refers pain to what part of the body? |
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Definition
| Corresponding shoulder via supraclavicular nerves (C3-4) |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck? |
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Definition
| Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, neck midline, inferior border of mandible, manubrium streni |
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Term
| What are the smaller subdivided triangles of the anterior cervical triangle? |
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Definition
| Muscular triangle, carotid triangle, submandibular triangle, submental triangle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the msucular triangle? |
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Definition
| Neck midline, sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior belly of omohyoid |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Digastric muscle bellies and the base of the mandible |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? |
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Definition
| Superior hyoid bone, between anterior belly of digastric muscle and midline of the neck |
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Term
| What structures run superficial to the anterior triangle of the neck? |
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Definition
| Platysma, anterior and external jugular veins, transverse cervical nerves |
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Term
| What structures are found within the muscular triangle? |
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Definition
| Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands |
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Term
| What are the superficial infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| Superior belly of omohyoid muscle and sternohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the deep infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| Sternothyroid and thryohyoid muscles |
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Term
| What innervates the infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| Ansa cervicalis (C1-3) except thyrohyoid which is innervated via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
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Term
| The isthmus lying between the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland runs across which tracheal rings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives off the superior thyroid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives off the inferior thyroid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides venous drainage from the thyroid? |
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Definition
| Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins |
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Term
| What are some anatomical variations that are occasionally seen in the thyroid? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal lobe superior to the isthmus and a thyroid ima artery |
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Term
| Where are parathyroid glands generally found? |
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Definition
| In pairs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
| Inferior thyroid arteries |
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Term
| What is the developmental origin of the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
| 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches |
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Term
| What are the vessels found within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Common carotid artery and its branches, internal and external carotid arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, internal jugular vein, deep cervical lymph nodes |
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Term
| What nerves are found within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Vagus nerve (CN X), ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), and cervical branches of CN VII |
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Term
| What gives off the right common carotid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives off the left common carotid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? |
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Definition
| Common carotid and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X) |
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Term
| What two specialized receptor organs are found at the common carotid artery bifurcation? |
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Definition
| Carotid sinus and carotid body |
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Term
| What is the function of the carotid sinus and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Located on dilated proximal internal carotid artery, reflexly controls blood pressure through baroreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X |
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Term
| What is the function of the carotid body and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Medial deep part of the common carotid artery bifurcation, reflexly controls blood gasses through chemoreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X |
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Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid artery in the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the internal carotid artery supply in the skull? |
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Definition
| Cerebral hemispheres and structures within the orbit |
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Term
| How is the internal carotid artery associated with stroke? |
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Definition
| Frequent site of atherosclerotic plaques |
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Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid artery within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, and occipital arteries |
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Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid artery outside the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery, and maxillary artery |
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Term
| What structures are innervated by the vagus nerve within the neck? |
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Definition
| Sensory innervation to larynx and lower pharynx, innervates muscles of larynx, pharynx, and soft palate |
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Term
| What is innervated by the ansa cervicalis? |
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Definition
| All infrahyoid muscles except the thyroid |
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Term
| What is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Between the 2 bellies of the digastric muscles and inferior border of the mandible |
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Term
| What forms the floor of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whata ret eh contents of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Submandibular salivary gland and lymph nodes, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerves, facial and submental arteries and veins |
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Term
| What innervates the submandibular salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from cell bodies in the submandibular ganglion |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? |
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Definition
| 2 anterior bellies of the dygastric muscle |
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Term
| What innervates the digastric muscles? |
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Definition
| Anterior belly by CN V and posteiror belly by CN VII |
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Term
| What do the digastric muscles insert into? |
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Definition
| Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone |
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Term
| What action is performed by the digastric muscles? |
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Definition
| Elevates hyoid bone, anterior bellies depress mandible to open the mouth |
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Term
| What innervates the stylohyoid muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What action is performed by the stylohyoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Runs parallel to the psoterior belly of the digastric muscle, draws hyoid bone upward and backward |
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Term
| What are the contents of the root of the neck? |
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Definition
| Apex of the lung, anterior scalene muscle, subclavian artery, and thoracic duct |
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Term
| What structures are anterior to the anterior scalene muscle? |
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Definition
| Phrenic nerve, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, subclavian vein, ascending cervical artery |
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Term
| What structures are posterior to the anterior scalene muscle? |
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Definition
| Subclavian artery, roots of brachial plexus |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| In relation to the anterior scalene muscle, 1st part is medial, 2nd part is posterior, 3rd part is lateral |
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Term
| What are the branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk |
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Term
| What is given off by the thyrocervical trunk? |
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Definition
| Inferior thyroid, ascending cervical, transverse cervical, and suprascapular arteries |
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Term
| What is given off by the 2nd part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| Costocervical trunk which divides into deep cervical and superior interncostal arteries |
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Term
| What is given off by the 3rd part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| May give off dorsal scapular artery |
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Term
| What forms the right lymphatic duct? |
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Definition
| Union of right jugular, subclavian, and sometimes the bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks |
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Term
| What are the midline neck structures? |
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Definition
| Anterior jugular vein, jugular venous arch, isthmus of thyroid, inferior thyroid veins, thyroidae ima artery, and (in children) left brachiocephalic vein or thymus |
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