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Triangles of the Neck
Anatomy2 Semester 2 Block 2
116
Anatomy
Graduate
02/19/2012

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Term
What is the name of the embedded superficial fascia of the neck?
Definition
platysma
Term
What is the function of the platysma?
Definition
Facial expression, moves lower lips and corners of mouth, tenses skin of inferior face and neck, may help eliminate skin sagging and double-chin
Term
What innervates the platysma?
Definition
Facial nerve - CN VII
Term
What is contained within the investing layer of deep cervical fascia?
Definition
Invests entire neck as one compartment
Term
What is contained within the prevertebral fascia of the neck?
Definition
Invests vertebral column and associated muscles
Term
What is contained within the pretracheal fascia?
Definition
Visceral compartment containing trachea, muscles, and sternum
Term
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
Definition
Bilateral vascular compartment containing vessels and nerves
Term
Which fascia of the neck limits the spread of infection?
Definition
Investing layer of deep fascia
Term
Where does infection between the investing layer and muscular part of the pretracheal fascia surrounding the infrahyoid muscles generally stop?
Definition
Manubrium
Term
Infection between the investing layer and the visceral part of the pretracheal fascia can spread to what space?
Definition
Anterior mediastinum
Term
Rupture esophagus, trachea, or bronchus may cause what infection?
Definition
Pneumomediastinum
Term
What skeletal landmark is found at the level of C3?
Definition
Hyoid bone
Term
What cartilaginous landmark is found between the levels of C4-5?
Definition
Thyroid cartilage
Term
What cartilaginous landmark is found at the level of C6?
Definition
Cricoid cartilage
Term
What unilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Draws the mastoid process anteriorly and inferiorly, rotating the face toward the contralateral side
Term
What bilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Contracts to draw head forward and the chin upward
Term
Attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Passes from the manubrium of the sternum and medial 1/3 of the clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line.
Term
COPD patients may utilize the sternocleidomastoid muscle to perform what function?
Definition
Forced respiration
Term
What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Accessory nerve - CN XI (motor) and anterior ramus of C2 (proprioception)
Term
What is cervical dystonia?
Definition
AKA spasmodic torticollis - unvoluntary contraction of the neck, most commonly affects the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Term
What is congenital torticollis?
Definition
Shortening of neck muscles in newborns and kids, commonly the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Term
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle
Term
What subdivides the posterior triangle?
Definition
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
Term
What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Occipital and supraclavicular (omoclavicular, subclavian) triangles, divided by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Term
What forms the roof of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Term
What forms the floor of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Prevertebral fascia
Term
What are the superficial structures of the posterior triangle?
Definition
External jugular vein and cutaneous nerves of the posterior triangle (overlying the SCM and posterior triangle)
Term
What cutaneous nerves are found in the posterior triangle?
Definition
Branches of the cervical plexus of nerves (anterior rami of C1-4)
Lesser occipital (C2)
great auricular (C2-3)
transverse cervical (C2-3)
supraclavicular (C3-4)
Term
What are the deep structures of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Spinal accessory nerve, subclavian vein, subclavian artery, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, roots, trunks, and branches of the brachial plexus, branches of the cervical plexus
Term
The subclavian vein is a continuation of what vessel?
Definition
Axillary vein at the lateral border of the 1st rib
Term
What forms the brachiocephalic vein?
Definition
Joining of the subclavian and internal jugular veins
Term
What vein(s) are used for a central line to access the heart?
Definition
Subclavian (and axillary) veins
Term
What is the location of the subclavian artery within the posterior triangle?
Definition
(THIRD PART of subclavian artery) Between lateral border of anterior scalene muscle and lateral border of 1st rib.
Term
What does the FIRST PART of the subclavian artery give off?
Definition
1st part of the subclavian artery gives off the thyrocervical trunk
Term
What are branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
Definition
transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries
Term
Muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle (from posterior to anterior)?
Definition
splenius capitus, levator scapulae, posterior scalene, middle scalene, anterior scalene
Term
What does the external jugular vein form from?
Definition
The union of the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein (near the angle of the mandible).
Term
What nerve refers pain to the ipsilateral shoulder carried superiorly in the phrenic nerve from the diaphragm?
Definition
Supraclavicular (C3-4) nerve (due to irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum)
Term
Course of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?
Definition
Descends through the posterior triangle between the posterior border of the SCM and the anterior border of the trapezius to supply both muscles.
Term
What branch may form in the third part of the subclavian artery and where does it go?
Definition
May have a dorsal scapular artery as a branch to the levator scapulae and rhomboids.
Term
Where do the brachial plexus roots emerge in the posterior triangle?
Definition
Between anterior and middle scalene muscles, passes through the cervicoaxillary canal to the axillary (emerges with the subclavian artery)
Term
What causes thoracic outlet syndrome?
Definition
Compression or stretching of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus or subclavian artery by an enlarged costal process of C7 that acts as an extra cervical rib
Term
What makes up the cervical plexus?
Definition
Anterior rami of C1-4 spinal nerves
Term
C2 is the spinal root for what cutaneous nerve?
Definition
Lesser occipital nerve
Term
C2-3 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves?
Definition
Great auricular and transverse cervical nerves
Term
C3-4 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves?
Definition
Supra-clavicular nerve
Term
C1 is the spinal root for what muscular nerve?
Definition
Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Term
C2-3 are the spinal roots for what muscular nerve?
Definition
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Term
What are the roots of the phrenic nerve?
Definition
C3-5
Term
What roots of the cervical plexus provide proprioception?
Definition
C2 to sternocleidomastoid and C3-4 to trapezius
Term
C5-6 are the spinal roots for what muscular nerve? What muscle does it innervate?
Definition
Suprascapular nerve (accompanies the suprascapular artery and vein behind the clavicle en route to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus)
Term
What is the injection point for a cervical plexus blockade?
Definition
Upper and middle 1/3 of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Term
What muscle in the posterior triangle occasionally has accessory phrenic nerve branches entering it?
Definition
Subclavius muscle
Term
Irritation of hemi-diaphragm via diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum innervated by the phrenic nerve refers pain to what part of the body?
Definition
Corresponding shoulder via supraclavicular nerves (C3-4)
Term
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Definition
Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, neck midline, inferior border of mandible, manubrium of the sternum
Term
What are the smaller subdivided triangles of the anterior cervical triangle?
Definition
Muscular triangle, carotid triangle, submandibular triangle, submental triangle
Term
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
Definition
Neck midline, sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior belly of omohyoid
Term
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
Definition
posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid muscle
Term
What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
Definition
Digastric muscle bellies and the base of the mandible
Term
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
Definition
Above the hyoid bone between the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the midline of the neck.
Term
What structures run superficial to the anterior triangle of the neck?
Definition
Platysma muscles, anterior and external jugular veins, transverse cervical nerves
Term
What may cause troublesome bleeding following a traumatic neck injury or during a tracheostomy?
Definition
A large communicating vein (from the facial vein along the anterior border of the SCM) that MAY insert into the anterior jugular vein.
Term
What structures are found within the muscular triangle?
Definition
Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Term
What are the superficial infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
Superior belly of omohyoid muscle and sternohyoid muscle
Term
What are the deep infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
(Series of muscles) Sternothyroid inferiorly and thryohyoid superiorly
Term
What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
Ansa cervicalis (C1-3) except thyrohyoid which is innervated via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Term
The isthmus lying between the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland runs across which tracheal rings?
Definition
2-4
Term
What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Definition
Superior thyroid arteries
Inferior thyroid arteries
(10%) thyroid ima artery
Term
What gives off the superior thyroid artery?
Definition
External carotid
Term
What gives off the inferior thyroid artery?
Definition
Thyrocervical trunk
Term
What provides venous drainage from the thyroid?
Definition
Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
Term
What are some anatomical variations that are occasionally seen in the thyroid?
Definition
Pyramidal lobe superior to the isthmus and a thyroid ima artery
Term
Where are parathyroid glands generally found?
Definition
In pairs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Term
What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands?
Definition
Inferior thyroid arteries
Term
What is the developmental origin of the parathyroid glands?
Definition
3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
Term
What are the vessels found within the carotid triangle?
Definition
Common carotid artery and its division into the internal and external carotid arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, internal jugular vein, deep cervical lymph nodes
Term
What nerves are found within the carotid triangle?
Definition
Vagus nerve (CN X), ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), and cervical branches of CN VII
Term
What gives off the right common carotid artery?
Definition
Brachiocephalic trunk
Term
What gives off the left common carotid artery?
Definition
Arch of the aorta
Term
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
Definition
Common carotid and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
What two specialized receptor organs are found at the common carotid artery bifurcation?
Definition
Carotid sinus and carotid body
Term
What is the function of the carotid sinus and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
Definition
Located on dilated proximal part of the internal carotid artery, reflexively controls blood pressure through baroreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X
Term
What is the function of the carotid body and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
Definition
Medial deep part of the common carotid artery bifurcation, reflexively controls blood gasses through chemoreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X
Term
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery in the neck?
Definition
None
Term
What does the internal carotid artery supply in the skull?
Definition
Cerebral hemispheres and structures within the orbit
Term
How is the internal carotid artery associated with stroke?
Definition
Frequent site of atherosclerotic plaques
Term
What are the branches of the external carotid artery within the carotid triangle?
Definition
Superior thyroid
lingual
facial
ascending pharyngeal
occipital arteries
Term
What are the branches of the external carotid artery outside the carotid triangle?
Definition
Posterior auricular artery
superficial temporal artery
maxillary artery
Term
What structures are innervated by the vagus nerve within the neck?
Definition
Sensory innervation to larynx and lower pharynx; innervates muscles of larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
Term
What is innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
Definition
All infrahyoid muscles except the thyroid
Term
What is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
Definition
Muscles of the tongue
Term
What is the continuation of the sigmoid sinus (a dural venous sinous in the skull)?
Definition
Internal jugular vein
Term
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located? What do they drain?
Definition
Along the internal jugular vein. They drain all of the lymph from the head and neck
Term
What do the vagus nerves descend with in the carotid sheaths?
Definition
Common carotid and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein
Term
What triangles are contained in the suprahyoid region?
Definition
Submandibular and submental triangles
Term
What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
Definition
Between the 2 bellies of the digastric muscles and inferior border of the mandible
Term
What forms the floor of the submandibular triangle?
Definition
Mylohyoid muscles (form the floor of the oral cavity)
Term
What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?
Definition
Submandibular salivary gland and lymph nodes, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerves, facial and submental arteries and veins
Term
What innervates the submandibular salivary glands?
Definition
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from cell bodies in the submandibular ganglion
Term
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
Definition
2 anterior bellies of the dygastric muscle and the midline of the neck
Term
What innervates the digastric muscles?
Definition
Anterior belly by CN V and posterior belly by CN VII
Term
What do the digastric muscles insert into?
Definition
Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone
Term
What action is performed by the digastric muscles?
Definition
Elevates hyoid bone, anterior bellies depress mandible to open the mouth
Term
What innervates the stylohyoid muscle?
Definition
CN VII
Term
What action is performed by the stylohyoid muscle?
Definition
Runs parallel to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, draws hyoid bone upward and backward
Term
What are the contents of the root of the neck?
Definition
Apex of the lung, anterior scalene muscle, subclavian artery, and thoracic duct
Term
What structures are anterior to the anterior scalene muscle?
Definition
Phrenic nerve, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, subclavian vein, ascending cervical artery
Term
What structures are posterior to the anterior scalene muscle?
Definition
Subclavian artery, roots of brachial plexus
Term
What are the divisions of the subclavian artery?
Definition
In relation to the anterior scalene muscle, 1st part is medial, 2nd part is posterior, 3rd part is lateral
Term
What are the branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?
Definition
Vertebral artery (ascending)
Internal thoracic artery (descending into the mediastinum)
Thyrocervical trunk (many branches)
Term
What is given off by the thyrocervical trunk?
Definition
Inferior thyroid
Ascending cervical
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
Term
What is given off by the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?
Definition
Costocervical trunk which divides into deep cervical and superior intercostal arteries
Term
What is given off by the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?
Definition
May give off dorsal scapular artery (it replaces the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery to the levator scapulae and rhomboids)
Term
What forms the right lymphatic duct?
Definition
Union of right jugular, subclavian, and sometimes the bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks
Term
What are the midline neck structures that are in danger during a tracheotomy?
Definition
Anterior jugular vein or a large communicating vein from the facial vein
Jugular venous arch
Isthmus of thyroid gland
Inferior thyroid veins
Thyroid ima artery
(In children) left brachiocephalic vein or thymus
Term
What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Definition
Right venous angle
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