Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Trauma
DAMN!
18
Anatomy
Professional
02/11/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Tri-modal Distribution of Death

Definition

Death within minutes - usually lethal injuries resulting in death at the scene of the accident
Death in the first hours - life threatening injuries requiring urgent attention
Death in days/weeks - resulting from the complications of initial injuries sustained 

Term




Trauma Mortality has a Trimodal Distribution

Definition

1st Hour: Most Deaths


1-4 Hours:  2nd peak. Death mainly because of blood loss “golden hours”. Death can be prevented.

 

2 weeks and beyond: Death due to late complications

Term

 

 

 

Initial Assessment of Trauma

Definition

Resuscitation
Primary survey
Detailed secondary survey
Initiation of definitive care 

Term

 

 

 

Primary Survey

Definition

A: Airway maintenance with cervical spine control
B: Breathing and ventilation
C: Circulation
D: Disability (neurological status)
E: Exposure 

Term

 

 

 

Second Survey

Definition

This is a detailed head to toe examination of the patient undertaken after the patient has been resuscitated and stabilized
"tubes and fingers in every orifice”
A detailed history is mandatory at this point.   

    Remember the mnemonic-AMPLE

   An AMPLE history                                                               A  Allergies
   M Medication
   P Past medical history
   L Time of last food or drink
   E Events and environment related to injury

 

  

 

Term

 

 

 

Multiple Trauma Patients are treated with well defined stages

Definition
Term

 

 

 

Fractures

Definition

1.The only immediate demand for treatment is:
a.Vascular compromise due to position of the fracture or
b.Bleeding from an open fracture

2.Apply dressing pressure for stopping bleeding.
3.Splint promptly and effectively
4.Remove all rings and constricting jewelry
5.Force is rarely necessary for the reduction of a fracture

 

Term

 

 

 

How do Fractures Happen?

Definition

 Fractures occur by:

1.Single traumatic event
2.Repetitive stress
3.Abnormal weakening of the bone
Term

 

 

 

 

Diagnosis of Fracture

Definition

A.History of trauma
B.When patient complains of pain and when the part is moved
C.When edema and hemorrhage is present
D.Crepitus (bone grating on bone)
E.Gross angulatory deformity
CONFIRMED BY XRAY FROM TWO VIEWS

Term

 

 

 

Secondary Bone Healing

Definition

1.Inflammatory phase 
2.Reparative phase (Soft Callus)
3.Remodeling phase (Hard Callus)

Term

 

 

 

Delayed Union And Nonunion

Definition

Delayed- Takes longer than supposed to


Nonunion- no union after 6 months


Causes:


A.Smoking
B.Low Vitamin D
C.Inaccurate reduction
D.Inadequate or interrupted immobilization
E.Severe local trauma, degloving injury, devascularisation
F.Infection
G.Loss of bone substance
H.Distraction of fragments
I.Metabolic disease

Term

 

 

 

Type I Open Fracture 

Definition

Type I
Clean wound less than 1cm

Inside/out injury

Simple fractures
Example:  Ski injury

Term

 

 

 

Type II Open Fracture 

Definition

Type II
Skin laceration larger than 1cm
Some minor contusion around the laceration

Minimal comminution
Example:  Low velocity Automobile Accident

Term

 

 

 

Type III Open Fractures 

Definition

Type III-A
Moderate soft tissue injury
Adequate soft tissue coverage of fractured bone
Type III-B
Extensive soft tissue injury
Periosteal stripping with significant bone exposure
Type III-C
All of III-B and VASCULAR INJURY
AMPUTATION RISK

Term

 

 

 

Fracture Treatment

Definition

Initally Dress Wounds, Splint Fracturs, Irrigation and Debridement 

Close Treatment
Splint
Cast
Bed rest, Traction
Open Treatment
InternaL Fixation
External Fixation

 

Term

 

 

 

Complications of Fractures

Definition

Fat embolism
Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
Infection
Death
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Gas gangrene(Clostridial myonecrosis)
Avascular necrosis

Amputation
Malunion
Delayed Union
Non Union

Term

 

 

 

Compartment Syndrome

Definition

Compartment syndrome involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels within an enclosed space, leading to impaired blood flow and nerve damage
Compartment syndrome is most common in the lower leg and forearm, although it can also occur in the hand, foot, thigh and upper arm.

Term

 

 

 

Fracture Description

Definition

The affected bone,
Location of the fracture,
Orientation of the fracture line,
Displacement of the fracture fragments,
The integrity of the soft tissue envelope around the fracture.

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