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- Tribal god (sun goddess) as sumpreme God
- Dominant native ethnic group of Japan.
- 3rd-7th Century
- Dual Rulership
- Huge, keyhole shaped tombs
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- Part of the Japanese myth cycle and also a major deity of the Shinto religion
- She is the goddess of the sun, but also of the universe.
- Amaterasu had painted the landscape with her siblings to create ancient Japan
- She became the ruler of the sun and the heavens along with her brother, Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon and ruler of the night.
- Decided brother was evil, split from him. Split night and day. Hid in cave, hid sun for a while.
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- Era in the history of Japan from around 250 to 538. It follows the Yayoi period
- The Kofun period is the oldest era of recorded history in Japan
- Shinto culture, prior to intro to buddhism
- Haniwa: terracotta clay figures which were made for ritual use and buried with the dead as funerary objects during the Kofun period
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- Female power in early Japan
- Male/Female or Brother/Sister
- Female the link to God-given power/figurehead
- Empress Jingu (mythical)
- Empress Suiko
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| Prince Shotoku and 17 Article Consitution |
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- Nephew and political advisor of Empress Suiko
- Ordered 17 article consitition, 604 AD
- Listed court ranks, buddhism, written language and tang missions (7th-9th c)
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- The Taika Reforms were a set of doctrines written under the authority of Emperor Kotoku in an effort to bring about greater centralization and increase the the power of the Imperial Court.
- The Taika Reforms started with land reform based on Chinese Confucianism philosophy.
- The Imperial Court based off Chinese governmental structure.
- During the Taika Reforms Japan sent \scholars to China to study the Chinese character-based writing system, Buddhism, Chinese literature, architecture, agriculture, and farming.
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- "Heavenly emperor"
- Title of Japan’s chief of state
- The term was first used at the beginning of the Nara period (710–784)
- Connection to Sun Goddess
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Term
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- indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan.
- "Divine"
- Came into use in order to distinguish indigenous Japanese beliefs from Buddhism
- Shintō has no founder, no official sacred scriptures in the strict sense, and no fixed dogmas, but it has preserved its guiding beliefs throughout the ages.
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- 19 missions between 607 and 838
- Knowledge was the principal objective of each expedition.
- Priests studied Chinese Buddhism.
- Officials studied Chinese government.
- Doctors studied Chinese medicine.
- Painters studied Chinese painting.
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- The Kojiki, The Record of Historical Matters, was written in 712 and the Nihon Shoki, Chronicles of Japan, was written in 720.
- In these chronicles, it is often difficult to distinguish between myths and actual events.
- These works state that Japan was founded in 660 B.C. by Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the Shinto Sun Goddess Amaterasu
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- The Man'yoshu, an anthology of poems written in Chinese, was also compiled sometime after 759.
- Kokinshu was an early anthology of the waka form of Japanese poetry, dating from the Heian period.
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Term
| Murasaki Shikibu and Tale of Genji |
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Definition
- Tale of Genji, was written by Murasaki Shikibu and is possibly the first novel ever written.
- Heian aristocracy
- Female writers
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- The Heian period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyo, present day Kyoto, established in 794-1185 under the authority of Emperor Kammu.
- Weakening of imperial system
- Tax exemptions for aritstocrats/religous insitituions
- Decline of military
- Alienation of capital from Provinces
- Fighting within ruling class
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- 900-1050
- Imperial in-laws
- Land control
- Daughter marry emperor
- Rivals: Insei (1072-1192)
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- 1157-1225
- Widow, "Dowager Shogun"
- New government w/ old politics
- Economic development and population growth
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- Rule by retired emperors who have taken Buddhist vows and retired to cloisters.
- During the late 11th and the 12th century, governmental control of Japan passed from theFujiwara family, which had maintained power through marriages to the imperial family, to cloistered emperors.
- By abdicating, these emperors escaped the control of Fujiwara regents and chancellors; once inside a temple or monastary, they surrounded themselves with capable non-Fujiwara aristocrats.
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- 8th to the late 15th century
- Private, tax-free, often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans.
- The estates developed from land tracts assigned to officially sanctioned Shintō shrines or Buddhist temples or granted by the emperor as gifts to the imperial family, friends, or officials
- Became independent of the civil administrative system and contributed to the rise of a local military class.
- With the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, or military dictatorship, in 1192, centrally appointed stewards weakened the power of these local landlords
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- 60% of the land belonged to Shoen by the end of the Heian period
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- two parallel modern Japanese syllabaries each of which independently represents all the sounds of the Japanese language.
- Although each derives its simple elements from Chinese characters, the two serve different purposes and differ stylistically.
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- Administrative and penal code of the Taihō era early in the Nara period, modeled on the codes of the Chinese T’ang dynasty (618–907) and in force until the late 8th century.
- It provided for the establishment of the central-government administrative organs; of provinces ruled by governors who were appointed by the central government
- Provisions included not only administrative laws but also penal laws, which concerned matters of arrest and imprisonment.
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- Administrative and penal code of the Taihō era early in the Nara period, modeled on the codes of the Chinese T’ang dynasty (618–907) and in force until the late 8th century
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- 1232
- Administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects.
- Collection of rules for the guidance of the shogun’s courts; it dealt with religious matters, land disputes, and criminal offenses.
- Generally applied to the upper classes only.
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Term
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- The Kamakura period began with Minamoto no Yorimoto establishing the Kamakura Shogunate in 1192 in Kamakura.
- Minamoto referred to his new government as bakufu, which translates to "tent government".
- The Emperor gave the military title of Seii Tai-shogun to Minamoto and in Western literature his government is often referred to as the shogunate.
- The bakufu had two main divisions, one to oversee the samurai, and one to judge legal suits.
- The shogun often had complete power over the emperor and imperial court.
- Later in the Kamakura period the Hojo clan installed a regent for the shogun. During the Hojo regency the shogun was reduced to a powerless figurehead much like the emperor.
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- Shugo occupied provincial military and civil supervisory posts. Their duties were to maintain peace, supervise the guard service, and command local retainers in battle. Able to rule without actually deposing the monarch.
- Jitō enforced the edicts of the shogunate and ensured that taxes were correctly apportioned and collected. In return for his services, the jitō’s position was made hereditary, and he received a share of the produce of the estate.
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- Daimyo were powerful warlords and the most powerful rulers under the Shogun from the 10th century to the early 19th century.
- Within their province the Daimyo had complete military and economic power.
- Daimyo had vast hereditary land holdings and armies to protect the land and its workers. The most powerful warlords sometimes achieved the status of Shogun.
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- 1180–1185
- Final struggle in Japan between the Taira and Minamoto clans that resulted in the Minamoto’s establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, a military dictatorship that dominated Japan from 1192 to 1333
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- The Ashikaga shogunate maintained order early on but slowly lost power to regional Daimyo which resulted in the Onin War from 1467-1477.
- The bakufu system of government ended and the nation fell into anarchy as provinces went to war against each other for control of the country.
- As central control disappeared samurai rose against their overlords and peasants against their landlords.
- Nobles of the Imperial Court were dispossessed and aristocratic society became very military in character.
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- For a short time at the end of the Kamakura period Emperor Go-Daigo regained control of Japan from the shogunate.
- He tried to restore imperial authority and give back power to the court nobility.
- Eventually, after almost 60 years of war, Go Daigo was driven from Kyoto and the shogunate system was re-established.
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- "The world turned upside down" —an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite.
- The arrival of untutored provincial warriors and their retinues in Kyōto effected theretofore unthinkable juxtapositions of social classes engaged in similar cultural pursuits.
- Nevertheless, despite the complaints of many aristocrats, the imposition of the new order—or disorder—had multiple beneficial effects on the practice of the visual arts.
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- Feudal lord and chief Imperial minister who completed the 16th-century unification of Japan begun by Oda Nobunaga.
- "A nightingale that won't sing", "Make it want to sing"
- Predesscor of Nobunaga, took over his conquet of Japan
- Turned sites to China, invaded Korea
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- Nightingale, "wait"
- Completely conquered the entirety of Japan
- Founder of the last shogunate in Japan, the Edo which lasted from 1603–1867
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- Forms of Esoteric Buddhism
- Relies on mysterious rites and symbolic objects
- Stresses that truth will unfold through multiple layers of meaning as one's insight develops
- Very influencial on Japanese culture
- Popular with aristocrats
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Term
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- Zen buddhism was popular with samurai warriors
- A paradoxical statement or question used as a meditation discipline
- The effort to “solve” a koan is intended to exhaust the analytic intellect and the egoistic will, readying the mind to entertain an appropriate response on the intuitive level.
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- Devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward.
- Stressed the recitation of nembutsu as the one act necessary to gain admittance to the Pure Land.
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- buddhism sect
- Popular with Merchants
- recited Jodo to get to pure land
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- "Way of the Warrior”
- The code of conduct of the samurai class
- Samurai was equated with the Confucian “perfect gentleman”
- Essential function was to exemplify virtue to the lower classes.
- Obedience to authority was stressed, but duty came first even if it entailed violation of statute law.
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- Honorable suicide
- Self-disembowelment
- Courage, self-control and loyalty
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- Masterless samurai warrior aristocrats of the late Muromachi (1138–1573) and Tokugawa (1603–1867) periods
- Wandering samurai
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- unrest in the Kamakura period through Edo period
- 1192-1867
- Peasant uprisings against excessive taxation and rising number of famines
- Peaceful, then violent
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- 1600-1868
- Baku=Bakufu
- Han= Domains of Daimyo
- Balance of power; Baku (center) vs Han (Reigions)
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| Sankin Kotai (Alternate Attendance) |
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- System inaugurated in 1635 in Japan by the Tokugawa shogun
- Great feudal lords (daimyo) had to reside several months each year in the Tokugawa capital at Edo (modern Tokyo).
- When the lords returned to their fiefs, they were required to leave their wives and families in Edo. The system ensured the continued subservience of the great lords to the Tokugawa shogunate
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- Rise of merchant class during early years of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867)
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- 1268 a
- New Mongol leader came to power, Kublai Khan, and demanded that Japan pay tribute to his nation.
- Japan ignored the demands and began to prepare for a potential Mongol invasion
- Invaded, heavily outnumbered, but saved by "Divine wind"
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- China saw it as Japan paying tribute to the Chinese empire while Japan viewed the arrangement as a profitable trade agreement.
- Japan's main items of export were gold and copper while China gave Japan mostly silk and books.
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- Tokugawa Ieyasu was suspicious of foreigners and instituted strong measures to minimize their presence and influence in Japan.
- Created closed country policy, restricted whatever trade came in and didn't let anyone out, except for dutch
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- traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world
- emerged around 12th century, refined and made distincitive up until 19th century
- aritstocratic taste
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- 1688 to 1704
- Characterized by a rapidly expanding commercial economy and the development of a vibrant urban culture centred in the cities of Kyōto, Ōsaka, and Edo (Tokyo).
- Merchants became wealthy
- Set the standards for an urban culture that continued to flourish throughout the Tokugawa period
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- The official guiding philosophy of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867)
- Influenced the thought and behaviour of the educated class.
- In the Neo-Confucian view, harmony was maintained by a reciprocal relationship of justice between a superior, who was urged to be benevolent, and a subordinate, who was urged to be obedient and to observe propriety.
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- Heavily-influenced by the teachings of Zen Buddhism
- Important ritual
- Reverence of the beautiful in the daily routine of life
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