Term
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Definition
Flexible /non-collapsible
Splits to form right and left principal bronchi above base of heart ~(T5)
Parts:
Mucosa- respiratory epithelium and submucosal glands
Fibro-cartilaginous layer
Adventitia (neck) or Serosa (thorax) |
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Term
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Definition
Incomplete hyaline cartilage rings provide support
Rings fail to meet dorsally
Space occupied by Tracheal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Common carotid artery, vagosymphathetic trunk (internal jugular vein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Serous membrane
Consists of visceral and parietal layer
Space between =Pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
separates the thoracic cavity into right and left halves
A number of important structures are found within the mediastinum including:
The heart (within the pericardial sac)
Part of the trachea
The oesophagus
The thymus (juv.)
The great vessels & nerves
The thoracic duct and lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
CRANIAL TO HEART
Thymus
Thrachea
Oesophagus
Aorta
Cranial Vena Cava |
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Term
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Definition
includes heart
Oesophagus
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Principle Bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
Caudal to heart
Aorta
Azygos
Oesophagus
Caudal vena cava and R. phrenic nerve (not in midline, offset to right) |
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Term
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Definition
Where costal and medistinal parietal pleura meet ventrally
At the ‘sternal’ line of pleural reflection’
Ventral border of the lung moves in and out |
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Term
| Costodiaphragmatic recess |
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Definition
Costal /diaphragmatic pleura
Basal border of lung moves in and out
Extent of recess considerable even in full inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
R & L Principal bronchi
Within the lung bronchi subdivide (Lobar; Segmental; Med; Sm. Bronchi)
Bronchioles and Terminal Bronchioles (no cartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
bronchus in ruminant and pigs
cranial to bifurcation
cranial lobe right lung |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronchiole associated lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage rings become irregular plates
Sm. muscle forms 2 continuous spirals between cartilage and mucosa: controls airway diameter
Sero-mucus glands in submucosa persist
Goblet cells become less numerous |
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Term
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Definition
No cartilage
No seromucus glands
Smooth muscle persists
Epithelium: Changes to simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal epithelium (terminal bronchioles)
Goblet cells gradually disappear
Clara cells become dominant (terminal bronchioles) |
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Term
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Definition
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
Type 1 pneumocyte: Squamous alveolar, 97%
Type 2 pneumocyte: Septal cells, 3%, Produce surfactant, Reduces surface tension and stops collapse
Alveolar macrophages: Defence of lung, Origin - bone marrow Monocyte |
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Term
| Embryologic Development of the lungs |
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Definition
Ventral outgrowth of primitive pharynx (foregut) (Endoderm)
Tracheo-oseophageal septum eventually separates trachea and oesophagus at level of developing larynx
Blind ending respiratory diverticulum continues to grow caudally into mesoderm
Splits into 2 lung buds
Buds further split to form the bronchial tree
Other elements inc. Cartilage etc derived from mesoderm
Distal bronchioles and alveoli continue to develop after birth |
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Term
| 3 histological phases of development |
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Definition
Glandular phase: mid gestation-bronchial, pattern established but alveoli not patent
Canalicular phase: alveoli become patent
Alveolar differentiation: Type 2 pneumocytes produce surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
Pink/red-health
Pale-bled out (abattoir)
Grey/black mottling-pollution
Dark red/purple -PM stagnation of blood (cf. disease) |
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Term
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Definition
Light / elastic / spongy / float
Stillborn- lungs heavy / sink as not inflated
Diseased- consolidation, pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
Right: Cranial, Medial, Caudal, Accessory, Tracheal bronchus in pigs and ruminants
Left: Cranial (cranial and caudal parts) and Caudal |
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Term
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Definition
Muscular rim divided into 3 parts: Lumbar, costal and sternal
Lumbar part consists of 2 fan shaped muscles or Crura (RC > LC)
Tendinous centre: Forms the most cranial part of the dome, Extends - 6th rib |
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Term
| Attachemnts of the diaphragm |
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Definition
Costal part: R8-13
Sternal part: Xiphoid cartilage
Lumbar part: Crura attach to Ventral longitudinal lig. RC=L1-4, LC=L1-2 |
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Term
| Foramina in the diaphragm |
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Definition
The aortic hiatus: Between LC & RC, Aorta, azygos vein & thoracic duct
The oesophageal hiatus: Ventral to aortic hiatus in the RC, Oesophagus, Vagus nn. Loose for the passage of food
Foramen vena cava (caval foramen): Within tendinous centre to the right of the midline, Caudal vena cava, Tight |
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Term
| Nerve Supply of the diaphragm |
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Definition
R & L Phrenic nn.
Ventral branches of C5,6 & 7
Cervical spinal fractures - diaphragm |
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Term
| Blood supply to diaphragm |
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Definition
Musculophrenic a. (Br. Int. thoracic a.)
Caudal phrenic a. (Br. abdominal aorta) |
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