water hemlock

wet meadows/riverbanks

US wide

cicutoxin

blocks inhibitory pathways

convulsions

salivation, teeth grinding

death in 2-3 hours from resp paralysis

supportive therapy and removal of plant only

Plants naturally absorb from soil

toxic in high doses

rapidly growing plants

high moisture/organic soils

highest in early morning/cloudy days - low reducing enzymes

weeds, forage crops, cereal grains

not found in flower or fruit of plant

most common in ruminants

weakness followed by muscle tremors

reddish-brown mucus membranes from methoglobinenemia

open-mouthed breath

abortion

diphenylamine test in plants

tx: methylene blue

rumen can adapt - give feed with increasing amounts

Kochia weed

nitrates

photosensitivity

western US

forage crop in drier areas

Lamb's quarter

nitrates

cyanogenic plants - cyanogenic glycosides

new growth

plant stress - drought/frost

ruminants most susceptible

need to eat a lot

prevents cellular respiration

cherry red venous blood - failure of O2 release from hemoglobin

sudden death

tx: sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate

choke cherry

HCN

sudden death

Elderberry

HCN

sudden death

Service berry

HCN

sudden death

Mountain mahogany

HCN

rocky mountains

sudden death

Arrow grass

HCN

wet alkaline soil across US

sudden death

Poison suckleya

HCN

moist conditions

sudden death

Blue flax

HCN

uncooked seeds

plains to higher mountain elevations

meadows, forests, along roads

sudden death